Case Study misinformation Free Essays

Ashley Squillini October 22, 2012 Case Study Chapter 4 Jasper and Viena Alejandro Quinn One of the biggest problems today is misinformation. People pass judgments towards others without being properly informed and I think that it is extremely important for students to be exposed to all different cultures. Since I have done my student teaching in the last few years I actually was surprised at how much the students cultures were influenced by the assignments. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: misinformation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the cultural teachings are not extremely expressed in the curriculum it is up to the teacher to fit it in to the lessons. I feel that at any time that a teacher can incorporate the student’s home lives and cultural practices they should. This helps not only the other students to gain knowledge about other student’s cultures and values, but it also helps the teachers to understand things that they may not know about. All students are given the same resources to meet their goals. Although I believe that it is very important for teachers to stand behind their students and to support and push them In the right way, when it comes to fulfilling life long dreams or a dream career, it is very much up to the student and their individual practices. I know that in my high school they had career days and different programs that were set up to help the students decide which career path they might be interested in. Teachers need to support their students no matter what their dreams are, and they need to be pointed in the right direction in order to fully benefit from all that is offered. All teachers should have at least some information on the different cultures of the students In their classrooms. I feel that if I were in a classroom I would have each of the students write down a few things about their home life and some of the traditions that they practice with their families. It would be up to me however to do some research on whatever I didn’t already know about. This way it would be easy to incorporate the different cultures into my lesson plans on a daily basis. I would want my students to familiar nd accepting of different cultures and traditions. During assignments or lessons that have creativity elements I would want the students to feel free and comfortable to talk about their cultural practices. Children like to read and learn about things that they are somewhat familiar about. Jaspers interest in reading â€Å"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian† shows that he likes to read about his own culture and traditions and things he is f amiliar with. It is important for teachers to allow students to read about things that they are interested in. How to cite Case Study: misinformation, Free Case study samples

Role of Top Executives in Dynamic Business Environment

Question: Discuss about theRole of Top Executives in Dynamic Business Environment. Answer: Introduction A chief executive is an administrative head of the company. All decision related to the progress of the company is taken under his guidance. The top executive of the company is the source of inspiration for the rest of the employees. In a big organization a C.E.O plays pivotal role in addressing the managerial issues (Cloutier, 2015).They are shouldered with responsibility to work in the good faith of the organization to create a favorable environment. New Zealand is a fast growing economy of the world which has seen transitions due to availability of opportunities. The human resource department has to play a crucial role in retaining the skilled employees. Changing environment and technology has been influencing the fast-paced and unclear changes. It gives an important theory to reshape the managerial talent, developing stakeholders strategies, and managing people under variable business environment (Armstrong, 2016). New Zealand in past years has seen a large amount of migration of native people to Australia in search of employment and opportunities which has affected the economy. Complex business environment has led to serious business threat to the country. New Zealand is facing a fast changing business trends by diversifying into various sectors. It has variety of business set up which has created plentiful of opportunities inside the country. New Zealand has world-class business and consumer services which differentiates it from the rest of the world. Most of the specialized employees are shifting to its local international branch for a growth in their career. The country has seen a vast creation of opportunities in past few years which was ignored due to availability of exposure and opportunities in other countries. Recruitment is becoming a major issue due to shift of talented population. While comparing the economy with the other economy New Zealand is a favorable land to pursue business. Although the local opportunities have increased but a major section has shifted to Australia due to availability of successful labor market (Green et al, 2013). The shift of skilled labor to other countries has caused a fall in overall productivity of the country. The lower productivity has created a significant lower wages which has formed a huge income gap with Australia. The unemployment rate reported in the country was 5.3% which has been the lowest in past 7 years. The report also suggested that there is an increase of people who are not adding to the labor market (What's behind the fall in unemployment? 2016).Reports have suggested that it has caused a severe damage to the economy. Quality of management, labor is the two essentials for a capital intensive economy. Productivity highly depends upon the performance of the management and the employees. Shortage of the skilled managers has caused a serious threat to the growing economy. A source reflects that small scale units should focus on retaining the skilled employees. The economy needs to concentrate its resources in developing the small scale units (Job market key industries, 2016) (New Zealand Economic and Financial Overview, 2016). The local market is changing with the shift in the business trends as globalization has changed the overall manner of conducting business. It has created a confused atmosphere in the global business platform. There is a substantive need to adopt a dynamic business structure to facilitate flexibility to the organization. Business models need to be reframed as per the surrounding and the global environment to compete with the other countries. New Zealand has all the resources which are essential in a developed economy. Technology revolution has led to a major shift in the business trends by increasing the exposure to market risk. A successful business strategy increases the possibility to offer sufficient opportunities to grow under difficult situation. The economy need to focus on its local people for creating sufficient resources by adapting new technology. The country needs good managers to enhance the overall productivity. Due to major shift of population the other country New Zeal and has been facing serious threats regarding economy fall. The country has developed tourism, dairy farm, etc to create employment opportunity. It has fewer resources as compared to other developed countries. It need to focus on its population and should see the reasons which are majorly due to shift of population. The chief executive has to carry the responsibility to renew or to recreate the business plan. Mangers need to be more creative and productive while focusing on the future business opportunity and should have vision to solve the potential problems. With the change in management the managers need to be more flexible in their approach to solve the troubles of the organizations. They should be more focused on adopting the futuristic plan to develop the organization skills and order. The management has a responsibility to focus on the changing business environment practices. They should change their way of thinking by elaborating their prime focus towards nonlinear process. The managers need to adopt the policies which are essential to promote the overall expansion by regenerating the old structure. More focus need to be given on the managerial behavior and conventional practices which are causing harm to the development of the organization. The managers need to focus on the cost effective techniques to create a better atmosphere for the employees which will improve the overall efficiency. A manger should focus on encouraging innovative business practices within the organization (Folkman, 2013). They should develop a leadership skill which guarantees better performance by the employees. They need to be deviate towards nurturing better relationships with the stakeholders. Formation of relationship with the external stakeholders will enable the organization in managing the operating costs. Wisdom of the chief executive helps in balancing the relationship with the outside world which provides a great help. They are imbibed with qualities to deal in a comp lex environment. Uncertainty is attached with the dynamic business environment which causes financial crisis and difficulties which need to be tackled with high level of insight. The private sector has more opportunity as compare to the public sector, whereas the leaders need to focus on the dynamic business environment (Macky K and P Boxall, 2008). New Zealand is a developed economy with ample of opportunities and a set of skilled labors. Organizations need to focus on retaining the employees and supports them in achieving the targets. HR managers are playing a significant role in building the rapport of the organization. Special need is given on developing interpersonal skills to survive on a long run. Managers should focus on building a good rapport inside as well as outside the organization. The high level manager is focusing on redesigning the overall structure while managing the limited resources. The country has limited resources which need to be utilized with due care. The CEO focuses on improving the ongoing issues related to the dynamic environment. They have to utilize various tools to improve the work structure under the dynamic situations (Jan Brinckmann, 2008). The leaders need to frame the training programs as per the changing environment to provide the employees with best skills. It focuses on how a manager at di fferent hierarchy interacts with each other to balance the overall productivity in the organization. Expansion of processes to enhance the employee productivity is a necessity in the market by developing the core process. The country needs to realize the role of H.R practitioners in shaping the employees future which cant be ignored for a longer time. In this fast-paced economy the skills of executive officers helps in drafting the plan for the future of the organization. They need to commit themselves to increase the low productivity issue faced by the country in recent past. Management development and excellent human resource practice can only prove to be a significant tool in arranging the process under the variable circumstances (Truss, C., Mankin,D.and Kelliher,2012). Technology and environment are posing difficulty on the survival because of change in the global economy. New Zealand is a developed economy with abundance of new avenues to serve the purpose. The dynamic nature of business environment is posing a risk on the organizational behavior. The role of chief executives is increasing due to shift in the business practices. The chief executives responsibilities are increasing with the dynamics of environment. Stakeholders are given more preference due to rise in instability in business (New Zealand Productivity Commission, 2013). The country is witnessing brain-drain in averse of good opportunity. Although the country has best managerial skills but it is seeing a fall in the productivity. A high number of skilled employees are directly related with the productivity. Managerial skills need to be seen from a different side to increase the overall output, so that the people do not move to other places in search of new opportunity (Mello, 2014). An economy needs manpower to increase the overall productivity. New Zealand has seen a change in the trends due to shift of its population to other countries due to availability of less exposure. The shift of skill population to Australia and other countries has affected the growth which has caused degradation in the output. Managerial efficiency need to be given special attention to adapt the changes taking place in the global environment. The changing environment has created an urgency to retain the skilled employees. Managers need to adopt a systematic approach towards new possibilities. Market is flourishing at a large scale which is creating ample of opportunities at the local land. There is only a need to focus on the strategic development of the resources to promote regional employment. References Armstrong, M. (2016). Strategic Human Resource Management. Kogan Page Publishers Cloutier, R. (2015). Becoming a Global Chief Security Executive Officer: A How to Guide for Next Generation Security Leaders. Butterworth-Heinemann Folkman, J. (2013) Top 9 Leadership Behaviors that Drive Employee Commitment (Online).Available from: https://zengerfolkman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/ZFA-9-Behaviors.pdf (Accessed on: 23/09/16) Green R, R Agarwal, P Brown, H Tan and K Randhawa (2011) .Management matters in New Zealand: How does manufacturing measure up? Ministry of Economic Development, Wellington. (Online).Available from: https://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/economic-development/2011-occasional-papers/Management-matters-in-NZ-11-03.pdf (Accessed on: 23/09/16) Jan Brinckmann, J. (2008). Competence of Top Management Teams and Success of New Technology-Based Firms. Springer Science Business Media Job market key industries. (2016) (Online).Available from: https://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/work-in-nz/nz-jobs-industries (Accessed on: 23/09/16) Macky K and P Boxall (2008) Employee experiences of high-performance work systems: An analysis of sectoral, occupational, organizational and employee variables. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations 33(1), 118. Mello, J. (2014). Strategic Human Resource Management. Cengage Learning New Zealand Economic and Financial Overview, (2016). (Online).Available from: https://www.treasury.govt.nz/economy/overview/2016/17.htm (Accessed on: 23/09/16) New Zealand Productivity Commission (2013) (Online).Available from: https://www.productivity.govt.nz/about-us/why-is-productivity-important (Accessed on: 23/09/16) New Zealands Challenges, (2016). (Online).Available from: https://neweconomics.net.nz/index.php/new-zealands-challenges/ (Accessed on: 23/09/16) Top 10 economic issues facing New Zealand, (2010). (Online).Available from: https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/top-10-economic-issues-facing-nz-134039 (Accessed on: 23/09/16) Truss, C., Mankin, D.and Kelliher, C. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management. OUP Oxford What's behind the fall in unemployment? (2016). (Online).Available from: https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/295704/what's-behind-the-fall-in-unemployment (Accessed on: 23/09/16)

Nazi Idealogy Essay Example

Nazi Idealogy Essay Nazi Idealogy BY uzatr265 Nazi Ideology Nazism was never a coherent or uniform ideology ? » (Griffin). Jud]ment on the true nature of Nazi ideology is always diffuclt to make and easy to change, for this reason one can not affirm one of the above statements to be true, nor can one say that one of them is wrong, they are both right in one sense, wrong in another, all depending from which angle one looks at them. Nazi ideology was born out of the need to attract the widest range of people from the widest range of backrounds thus reating a diverse and contradicting ideology as the 25 points prove. At the same time Hitler created an ideology that he not only believed in but that also proved capable of achieving his personal ambitions. One of the difficulties in analysing Nazi ideology is distinguishing between real ideas that influenced political and economic theory and the propaganda distributed to the public. Many historians think of Nazi ideology as purely Fascist even as the model of Fascism while others tend to suggest that Nazism went a step further than Fascism : ? « [they] believed that the decadence as not only political and cultural, but biological and racial ? ». One could argue that Nazi ideology was an? « essentiely new, racist destructive philosophy ? ». One of the aspects of Nazi ideology which mark it as ? « new ? » is the presence of ? «ecstatic invocations of the spirit of modern technological warfare ? ». The Nazi military tradition was not a relic of the past, it was modern and its style was purely and soely Nazi. It also called for industrialisation and advance in science: two features of a society wishing to modernise itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Idealogy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Idealogy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Idealogy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nazi ideology was most certainly racist, in its 25 points, the rights of Jews and other minority groups is dealt with in considerable detail so that the fourth point concludes with ? « Therefore no Jew can be considered to be a fellow German ? », its purpose was not as some people argue to affirm the superiority of the German people but to suppress all Jews for the sole reason of their religion, this is the definition of racism and can only be viewed as such. As a philosophy, the dominant side of Nazism was its destructive element: its ampaign against decadent art, its goal to destroy all literature which did not agree with, its views and foremost and uttermost the clinical elimination of all those whose lives were deemed not worth living or who were classed as subhuman. There was much diversity and contrast in Nazi ideology but can one call it ? « confused ? » ? It certainly adopted views that could be considered opposite however this seems to have been calculated by Hitler to attract the largest number of people possible. When one looks at Nazi ideology one can see very different sources for the ifferent points that are made thus we see v? ¶lkish nostalgia for the values ofa pre- urban, pre-Christian idyll and at the same time we feel the incredible presence of the spirit of modern technological warfare. While there were calls for the regeneration of peasantry there were also celebrations of industrial renovations, and at the same time there were strains of anti-capitalist socialism and stress for the studies of human and natural sciences. There was also a very primitive and mythical side to Nazism such as during their flame torch night, which brought on in most Germans a furious pride of being German and a Nazi. One can also prove that Hitler attempted to turn back the clock by the fact that he called his empire the ? « Third Reich However, the real aim of Nazism was not to turn back the clock or provide the German people with a new philosophy, its sole goal was to provide Hitler the means to fulfill his own personal goals ofa German Empire which like his ideology was neither totally new nor a vestige of the past. Nazism was shaped to please a wide range of people, in it one can find traces of socialism to attract the urban proletariat, romises of economic recovery and protection from the communist for the upper class and farmers and laws which favour capitalism for the middle class. Therefore one can not really say that the ideology presented in the 25 points demonstrate the Nazis real views if they have any past the Third Reich and their hatred of Jews. The Nazis did have some firm notions, they were obsessed with the decadence of liberalism, the threat posed to recovery by its Marxist alternative and the need for a national rebirth, a reawakening, a new order. These firm notions are the fascist spect of Nazism. Both of the statements can be argued to provide a convincing Judgment of the true nature of Nazi ideology however the first one suggests a truer or at least a less wrong version of it. However, Nazism did have some truly firm notions which constituted its fascist side obssessed with rebirth and war as Nazi leader Rosenberg proves when he writes : ? «A new age of German mysticism has dawned, the myth of blood and the myth of the free soul are awakening to new and conscious life ? ». (Rosenberg, Nazi leader in The myth of the twentieth Century).

10 Interesting Sulfur Facts

10 Interesting Sulfur Facts Sulfur is element number 16 on the periodic table, with element symbol S and an atomic weight of 32.066. This common nonmetal occurs in food, many household products, and even your own body. Here are 10 interesting facts about sulfur. Sulfur is an essential element for life. Its found in amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and proteins. Sulfur compounds are why onions make you cry, why asparagus gives urine a weird odor, why garlic has a distinctive aroma, and why rotten eggs smell so horrible.Although many sulfur compounds have a strong smell, the pure element is actually odorless. Sulfur compounds also affect your sense of smell. For example, hydrogen sulfide (H2S, the culprit behind the rotten egg odor) actually deadens the sense of smell, so the odor is very strong at first and then vanishes. This is unfortunate, because hydrogen sulfide is a toxic and potentially deadly gas! Elemental sulfur is considered non-toxic.Mankind has known about sulfur since ancient times. The element, also known as brimstone, primarily comes from volcanoes. While most chemical elements only occur in compounds, sulfur is one of relatively few elements that occurs in pure form.At room temperature and pressure, sulfur is a yellow so lid. Its usually seen as a powder, but it forms crystals, too. One interesting feature of the crystals is that they spontaneously change shape according to temperature. All you need to do to observe the transition is melt sulfur, allow it to cool until it crystallizes, and observe the crystal shape over time. Were you surprised you could crystallize sulfur simply by cooling the melted powder? This is a common method of growing metal crystals. While sulfur is a nonmetal, like metals, it wont readily dissolve in water or other solvents (although it will dissolve in carbon disulfide). If you tried the crystal project, another surprise might have been the color of sulfur liquid when you heated the powder. Liquid sulfur can appear blood-red. Volcanoes that spew molten sulfur display another interesting feature of the element. It burns with a blue flame from the sulfur dioxide that is produced. Volcanoes with sulfur appear to run with blue lava.How you spell the name of element number 16 likely depends where and when you grew up. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted the sulfur spelling in 1990, as did the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1992. Up to this point, the spelling was sulphur in Britain and in countries using the Roman languages. The original spelling was actually the Latin word sulfur, which was Hellenized to sulphur. Sulfur has many uses. Its a component of gunpowder and believed to have been used in the ancient flamethrower weapon called Greek Fire. Its a key component of sulfuric acid, which is used in labs and to make other chemicals. Its found in the antibiotic penicillin and is used for fumigation against diseases and pests. Sulfur is a component of fertilizers and also pharmaceuticals.Sulfur is created as part of the alpha process in massive stars. It is the 10th most abundant element in the universe. Its found in meteorites and on Earth mainly near volcanoes and hot springs. The abundance of the element is higher in the core than in the Earths crust. Its estimated there is enough sulfur on Earth to make two bodies the size of the Moon. Common minerals that contain sulfur include pyrite or fools gold (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), and gypsum (calcium sulfate).Some organisms are able to use sulfur compounds as an energy source. An example are cave bacteria , which produce special stalactites called snottites that drip sulfuric acid. The acid is sufficiently concentrated that it can burn skin and eat holes through clothes if you stand beneath the minerals. Natural dissolution of minerals by the acid carves out new caves. Although people always knew about sulfur, it wasnt recognized as an element (except by alchemists, who also considered fire and earth elements). It was 1777 when Antoine Lavoisier provided convincing evidence the substance was indeed its own unique element, worthy of a place on the periodic table. The element has oxidation states ranging from -2 to 6, allowing it to form compounds with all of the other elements except the noble gases.

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness (essay 2) Essay

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness ( 2) - Essay Example How an operations manager handles these challenges is manifested through a combination of the following four competitive priorities: cost, quality, time and flexibility. The optimal goal of any operations manager is to achieve low-cost operations in terms of cost. With regards to quality the objective is to develop high-performance designs and to manufacture quality products consistently. The operations manager’s time priority seeks rapid new product development, and on-time and reliable delivery of products. Finally, the priority of flexibility is to achieve mass customization albeit with flexible production volume capacity to profitably meet the changing consumer demands. In meeting the challenges facing operations management today, we find that the two key drivers are the role of information and of information technology within the firm and externally to it with the organizations that it has relationships with. Vonderembse and Tracey (1999) argue that more communication and interactions with suppliers, customers, and other functional areas within the firm are needed to ensure that capabilities, both internal and external, are employed in w ays that enhance overall performance. In this report we shall address the issue of how an operations manager should go about optimizing the operations and production of a manufacturing plant in the situation where the plant has too many suppliers which is causing major problems in terms of delivery levels; quality of products and raw materials; production scheduling and eventually to customer satisfaction. This problem is best resolved using the supply chain management concept found in operations management. With the advent of modern technology, manufacturing processes have become so sophisticated that a single quality characteristic cannot reflect the true product quality (Pana, Panb & Lee 2009). Management is responsible for developing, organizing, and

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

American History - Essay Example New England and Chesapeake regions were highly settled by people of English origin prior to 1700. However, by 1700 the regions evolved into two distinct societies due to the diverse reasons that had forced the different societies to flee in the regions by 1700. Religion and economic were the two factors that had motivated the settlers in New England and Chesapeake regions. The settlers in New England had fled to the region for religious freedom from Britain due to the persecution of Protestants and Catholics after the Church of England deviated from Catholicism under Henry VIII. Thus, the reputation of the region for religion tolerance saw the region been settled by a majority of white English people fleeing from religious persecution in England. This implied that the settlers in New England were highly fleeing to the region for religious freedom. In contrast, the English settlers in Chesapeake were motivated by an economic factor due to the thriving tobacco industry, and mining indu stry. The two diverse reasons that prompted the English settlers in the two regions saw two distinct societies evolving by 1700. New England by 1700 was highly dominated by English whites Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers due to the religious freedom reputation. In contrast, the Chesapeake region was predominantly populated by the black slaves. The economic motivation of the Chesapeake settlers had seen the slavery industry growing to provide cheap labor that caused the high number of black slaves in the region.

The Introduction To Applying Game Theory Politics Essay

The Introduction To Applying Game Theory Politics Essay Game theory is the formal study of conflict and cooperation. Game theoretic concepts apply whenever the actions of several agents are interdependent. These agents may be individuals, groups, firms, or any combination of these. The concepts of game theory provide a language to formulate, structure, analyze, and understand strategic scenarios (Turocy, 2001). This paper will conclude a short concept of the Game theory, introducing 2 fundamental types of the theory, an introduction to the current issue over Irans nuclear program and applying the game theory by examining the case of a possible war over Irans nuclear program using key information sources from academic publications, news articles, and government/non-governmental reports, which the main players are Iran and Israel, and having the United States as a secondary player. * note that the results from the game theory is by the writers research on the related case study and the writers self-thoughts, thus does not exactly predict the outcomes of the case study. Introduction to the Game theory In real life it frequently happens that you would be faced to make a decision or to choose the best choice from several options. For instance, you might need to decide whether to invest your money for a masters degree or keep on working with your current education. Another instance could be that you wanted chocolate ice cream but the seller has only strawberry ice cream and you have to either choose it or not. In both of the examples, the results depend on your own decision based on self-minded. In the first case, it depends on your ultimate goal at the time. In the second case, it depends on whether you really want ice cream or not, not just considering the flavor. We can model situations like these using Game theory. The Game theory is one of the models that represent the various options and payoffs in a matrix and can then calculate the best single possible strategy or combination of strategies which simplifies real-world phenomena into a more theoretically form, so that we could easily interpret the sense of it. The mathematician Emile Borel suggested a formal theory of games in 1921, which was furthered by the mathematician John von Neumann in 1928 in a theory of parlor games. Game theory was established as a field in its own right after the 1944 publication of the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern. This book provided much of the basic terminology and problem setup that is still in use today (Turocy, 2001). This central concept of non-cooperative game theory turned to be the focal point of analysis. Since the 1960s, game theory was broadened theoretically and applied to problems of international relations, including war, terrorism, crisis bargaining, deterrence, and economic sanctions. Incorporated with game models, the application of game theory is to international relations give rise to a large number of important empirical questions. Game models, such as the Prisoners Dilemma, described later in the paper, can help illuminate important substantive issues of international affairs, including how and why actors evolve their policies, based on goals and anticipated benefits in the negotiation processes (Dougherty, 1996). Fundamentals of the Game theory In short, game theory deals with any problem in which each players strategy depends on what the other players do. Game theory simply extends this concept to interdependent decisions, in which the options being evaluated are functions of the players choices (Field, 2009). First of all, we will have to learn about the definition of the words used in the game approach and some simple rules of the game: Because game theory arose from the analysis of competitive scenarios, the problems are called games and the participants are called players. -To begin with, despite the rubric game, the object is not to win. Even for strictly competitive games, the goal is simply to identify ones optimal strategy. -In gaming, players actions are referred to as moves. The role of analysis is to identify the sequence of moves that you should use. A sequence of moves is called a strategy, so an optimal strategy is a sequence of moves that results in your best outcome. There are a lot of theoretical approaches to the game theory, in this paper will present the use of two particular fundamentals of the theory. The first one is the sequential-move game, the players must alternate moves; in the second one is the simultaneous game, which the players can act at the same time. These types are distinguished because they require different analytical approaches. We will come back to apply both games to our study case: a potential war over Irans nuclear program, in which before getting to analyze on the sequential and simultaneous games, it is very important that we get to know the background of our case study first as presented in the next section. Irans Nuclear Program 1. Background Iran has pursued a nuclear program for over four decades. Throughout the history of Irans nuclear program, there has been criticism among their neighboring countries and the Western countries, assuming that Irans nuclear program that they claim to be a civilian nuclear power program has always been a covert military application to build nuclear weapons. Irans first steps toward nuclear capability date back to the time of the Shah. These efforts have continued under the post-revolution Islamic Republic. In 1995, with the signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Iran has a right to develop nuclear technology for peaceful, civilian purposes, excluding developing a nuclear weapon. Irans leadership continues to insist it adheres to these conditions. However, the general temptations nuclear weapons offer in terms of perceived prestige and security, together with Irans pattern of deception and concealment of important elements of its program, have raised doubts about its true intentions.For example, Iran failed to disclose the existence of a large uranium enrichment facility at Natanz or a plutonium separation plant at Arak to the International Atomic Energy Agency until after a disclosure from an exile group in 2002 (Carpenter, 2006). If Irans real intention is to obtain and develop a nuclear weapon, we must understand of why the government is pursuing such an approach that could lead to disastrous implications among the country. Deterrence, both regional and extra-regional, is one of the most important considerations. Iran is located in a volatile region, surrounded by hostile neighbors. Russia, Israel, Pakistan, and India all have nuclear weapons already, so regional deterrence issues probably loom large for Iran (Albright, 2012). Such arms could be used to intimidate their neighbors to accept Iranian primacy or listen to their demands over those of the United States or Israel. In addition to President George W. Bushs statement during his presidency axis of evil speech, linking Iran to Iraq and North Korea came as a prelude to an invasion and occupation of Iraq, which comes to the assuming that Iran could be the next hit target on the United States list (Quillen, 2002). 2. Perspectives toward the program Israel Most of Israels political and security apparatus view Irans nuclear program from a unified perspective, it is one of the top priority issues for the government. There remains four points that serve as a consensus toward Iran: first, is that Iran is committed to maintain a nuclear program with the objective of developing nuclear weapons; second is that Iran seeks to become the regions hegemon and that they see Israel as the obstacle to achieve this goal; third, Irans insistence on its NPT agreement of pursuing a peaceful nuclear program (if that were their main purpose); the last, as a nuclear power, Iran would exercise greater sway with its weaker Arab neighbor-states in which currently support Israels position to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. If Iran could develop this capability, many Arab states could be forced to ally themselves with Iran due to strategic necessity and national security (Ben-Meir, 2010). Toward to this respect, Israel has concluded that, it is deemed necessary to prevent Iran from developing and acquiring nuclear weapons, thus leading the governments decision to enhance their special ties with the United States which is pursuing the same policy of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons. United States Two sets of concerns toward Irans nuclear program are emphasized along with U.S. national security policies in the Middle East region. First, as Irans history of being a tribune to Islamic revolutions and sponsoring terrorist groups such as Hezbollah, U.S. government fears that such tide would enhance the possibility of the transfer of nuclear weapons to those groups, with or without official approval from Irans leadership. Also, the very possession of nuclear weapons by Iran which opposes to U.S. presence in the region, allies, interests, and values would alter the balance of power in the Middle East in ways that could constrain U.S. options in future regional crises (Rhodes, 2005). Second, this concern has less to do with Iran per se than the impact of an additional nuclear-capable state on the global non-proliferation regime. Cases such as the break-out by India and Pakistan in the late 1990s, and the rise of North Korea with its development of nuclear weapons, an o bvious failure of the NPT system could produce a domino effect among countries that want to acquire such technology. This would also increase the opportunities for unauthorized or accidental use of nuclear weapons and even leading to the worst case scenario of terrorist groups or organized crime networks possessing those weapons. 3. Current newspaper articles on Irans nuclear program We will take a look on the current issue from several related newspaper articles. Iran has developed a nuclear program that it stated is for peaceful purposes and power generation in the nation. However, it is also known that any country with a well-developed peaceful nuclear program has also attained the capability to quickly build a nuclear weapon. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has said that medium-level uranium enrichment has begun at the Fordo plant near the Holy city of Qom, north of Tehran (Kanchanalak, 2012). The state of diplomacy between Iran, Israel, and the U.S. demonstrates on the West and Israels attempts to use the IAEA, the United Nations, and international sanctions against Iran have failed to encourage cooperation.  Apparent diplomatic road rage has set in between at least Iran and Israel, which will likely prove deleterious for peace (Riazi, 2012). Looking upon Israel, it is a country that lives in perpetual existential fear for its security. Israel is known for its track record of pre-emptive strikes against nuclear targets in the region. In 1981, it bombed the Osirak reactor in Iraq, and recently in 2007, it attacked a facility in Syria that it believed was intended to be a nuclear reactor. However, Iran, unlike those two countries, presents a much more challenging military and economic question (Kanchanalak, 2012). For Iran, it would likely not back down off the nuclear program and would definitely use self-defense tactics against any attacks from Israel and countries abroad. Evidently if Israel decides to attack, it would leverage non-state assets, such as its relationships with Hezbollah, the Hamas, and other Palestinian actors, to pummel Israel, and its populace would unite behind it. It would also likely use IRGC-Quds Force hit squads to target Israeli interests abroad.  The US would face a complex dilemma if Iran uses the Quds Force in such a manner, as well as  if Iran counter-attacked by striking Israel overtly (Riazi, 2012). Irans supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, countered on a televised program stated that Iran will respond in kind when appropriate, and that sanctions will not alter Irans nuclear ambitions. Khamenei furthered that sanctions, in fact, have encouraged Irans military to become more self-reliant. The Iranian navy could also lay mines to close off the Strait of Hormuz a vital oil artery and send the oil price to over US$200 a barrel (Cordesman, 2006). As proud people Iranians would face humiliation if they responded weakly. However, there is one thing that they really do not want, that is domestic interference and military assaults from the United States. Applying Game Theory By reading and examining the key information sources on the background, perspectives, and news articles above, we now apply the Game theory to the current issues over Irans nuclear program, which in this paper will focus on two game approaches, the sequential-move game, and the simultaneous game. 1. The Sequential-move game To analyze a sequential-move game, first construct a game tree mapping out all of the possibilities. Then follow the basic rule: look ahead and reason back (Field, 2009): 1. Look ahead to the very last decision, and assume that if it comes to that point, the deciding player will choose his/her optimal outcome (the highest payoff, or otherwise most desirable result). 2. Back up to the second-to-last decision, and assume the next player would choose his/her best outcome, treating the following decision as fixed (because we have already decided what that player will pick if it should come to that). 3. Continue reasoning back in this way until all decisions have been fixed. Now lets apply the game approach to our study case. Iran has decided whether to continue on or stop their current nuclear program. By attaining the information from the previous section (Irans nuclear program) we should be able to conclude the game as follow: à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡1 Now we can look ahead and reason back. Looking ahead, if Iran continues on with the nuclear program and follows until the last path, it will be that either Iran has to downplay the situation and surrender or choose to use self-defense tactics, thus worsening the scenario. More than likely, if Iran continues on with their nuclear program, a regional conflict will spark up. Reasoning back, we now know that if Iran chooses to stop the program at first or face downplay and losses at the last choice, the issue would likely not turn to be regional but at least controllable around the area. We end this section with a few observations before moving on to simultaneous games. First, notice that looking ahead and reasoning back determines not just one players optimal strategy, but those for all players. It is called the solution to the game. Once it has been determined, it is irrelevant whether or not the game is actually played, as no one can possibly do better than the solution dictates (Field, 2009). That is why the concept of winning does not really apply. Sequential games are determined, so ultimately, there are only two choices: either the player with the last decision gets his/her best outcome, or the game is not played. 2. The Simultaneous game For this game approach we will take a look at the simplest but most famous example set called the Prisoners dilemma. For this paper the writer will assume that readers have a small knowledge about this game set already, thus this section will begin analyzing and adapting the game to the study case without going through the intro of the dilemma. Same as the sequential-move game, we attain the same information for analyzing. For an easier way of interpreting the information to create the dilemma, you first need to breakdown the facts from the information: Iran Priority is to continue with the nuclear program without interference from abroad (esp. Israel) Israel Priority is to get Iran to stop the nuclear program without military action. Now as the case has been simplified, we can demonstrate the game set. Iran shall have two basic choices: (1) to stop the program, or (2) continue on the program. Israel will also have two choices: (1) to attack, or (2) not attack. à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 The choices are illustrated in the diagram above. The numbers in the boxes refer to the consequences of the decisions. Irans gains and losses are represented by numbers in the lower left corners of the boxes, and Israels gains and losses are represented by numbers in the upper right corners. Look at the box labeled B. The scenario portrayed in box B is that Iran stops the nuclear program and Israel does not attack. If this happens, Iran would not achieve its main objective but Israel, as the result of Iran stopping the program, thus not attacking, does achieve their primary objective. For this scenario Iran loses, receiving -1 and Israel gains, receiving 1. Meanwhile taking another look at box C, Iran would continue on the program and Israel decides to attack. If this happens, Iran will achieve an objective, which is to continue on the program, but only at the cost of having Israel to interfere by attacking. Irans gains and loses cancel each other out, and this results is represented by a 0. Israel, in box C scenario, decides to attack since Iran continued on the program, thus does not accomplish the objective of having Iran stop the program and not attack Iran. In this case Israel loses both its objective so receives a -1 in the box. Looking at all the boxes one at a time, the whole pattern of possible choices and consequences becomes clear. We could also expand the game, instead of having only 2 variables, lets try using 5 variables. The game theory matrix would now have twenty-five boxes (55) instead of four (22). à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡3 For this game we also attain more information for analyzing: Iran Priority is to continue with the nuclear program without interference from abroad (esp. Israel) Will comply with IAEA if given permission to continue with the nuclear program Would use self-defense tactics if Israel or countries abroad attacks Would close out the Strait of Hormuz if being attacked and the international sanctions are lifted up. Israel Priority is to get Iran to stop the nuclear program without military action. A diplomatic resolution is desired if Iran stops the nuclear program U.S. government/military has no intentions of getting involved if Iran stops the nuclear program International sanctions will be lifted up if Iran continues on with the nuclear program. Many more consequences are now possible as shown in the diagram above. We now see that game theory helps political scientists analyze and think thoroughly all the possibilities of combination as of decisions and the possible costs and consequences of those decisions. Conclusion International relations and politics in general are complex. The events we observe at the macro-level (e.g., wars, trade, and terrorism) are driven by many events and decisions that occur at the micro-level (e.g., in war: elite decision-making, domestic politics, culture). The tool that political scientists use to make sense of this complexity is modeling. One of the populist models is the game theory. Game theory can be used to design credible commitments, threats, or promises, or to assess propositions and statements offered by others. In using the game theory on predicting possible consequences for our study case, we can see clearly the possible outcomes on which the players (Iran and Israel) decide to choose. This paper has attempted, through using two game theory models, to look into the current conflict between the two countries over Irans nuclear program. As per examining the provided key information sources, it is clearly seen that the main problem is the absence of mutual trust between the two countries, high prestige and different views of national security, which had forced both of them to opt for a decision in their nuclear game with the highest cost for the other side. Definitely that a nuclear-armed Iran would spur proliferation in the Middle East region, increase regional instability, and increase the chance of nuclear war. If Iran chooses to continue on with the nuclear program, it will have to face consequences in which both Iran and Israel tend on avoiding. And if Iran continues on with the program, it could also trigger the possible conflict to a wider arena which would be disastrous to all players. While at every step of the game it may be favorable for either party to insist on its claims, the long-term resolution may be somewhat different. In anyway, this is only a tool for analytical and to interpret information to a theoretical approach which leads to a more simplified way of studying the possible outcomes and the consequences of the study case.