The Haunted Palace

â€Å"The Haunted Palace† Everyone has seen a once beautiful estate fallen into disrepair: expensive satin curtains, ripped and stained; high support columns, broken and crumbling; moss covering the once brightly painted exterior. People look at it, sigh with disappointment at what was and no longer is, and then move on. The cause of ruin is rarely known, but the effects are clear. This is the scene portrayed in Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Haunted Palace. † Poe paints a picture of an elegant manor with spectacular features that comes under the influence of evil and thus falls to pieces.Upon closer inspection, though, the reader begins to see that the meaning of the poem delves much deeper than the destruction of a house: it is the destruction of the human mind that truly concerns Poe. The double meaning is central to the poem and once the pattern of symbolism is established, the other details fall nicely into place. Poe uses diction to establish the brilliance th at pervades the house and symbolism within the poem equating the house to a human mind to demonstrate its susceptibility to corruption.Poe’s diction emphasizes the initial majesty of the house. At first, the house is â€Å"radiant† (4), â€Å"glorious† (9), â€Å"happy† (17), â€Å"fair† (26), â€Å"sparkling† (28), and â€Å"beaut[iful]† (31). Poe goes as far as saying that â€Å"good angels tenanted† the house (2) and the home is softer and kinder than angels’ clothing (7). Then, in the fifth stanza, the scene changes drastically: the palace is no longer majestic and stately, it is inhabited by evil and is in disarray. It is now permeated by â€Å"sorrow† (33) and is â€Å"desolate† (35).The sudden shift from uplifting words to mournful ones alerts the reader to the dire change that has taken place in the house. After a second reading, the audience begins to notice a pattern of symbolism. Poe equates the â€Å"Thought’s dominion† (5), â€Å"banners,† (9), â€Å"windows† (18), â€Å"door† (26), and â€Å"Echoes† (29) to a human’s head, hair, eyes, mouth, and voice. The hair is flowing and beautiful, the eyes are understanding and see everything transparently, the mouth has ruby gums and pearly teeth, and the voice carries in it the wit and wisdom of the mind it speaks for.It is clear that this mind has brilliant ideas (â€Å"spirits†) (19) constantly formulating and expanding within it. The reader is, presumably, familiar with the sight of a mansion that is clearly luxurious. The reader may not, however, be able to picture a clearly brilliant mind. Poe’s use of symbolism enables the reader to visualize the brilliance and wealth of the â€Å"monarch’s† mind prior to its destruction. Symbolism is still essential to the poem in the final stanzas, even though the scene has changed.The once magnificent mansion ha s been invaded by evil. The windows are now â€Å"red-litten† (42), meaning the eyes are red and evil. The spirits still move through the house (the ideas still move in the mind), but now in a distorted way. Instead of Echoes (a voice) full of wisdom, a â€Å"hideous throng† (47) rushes out of the door (the mouth), that will â€Å"laugh – but smile no more† (48). The eerie mad laughter escaping the mouth of the â€Å"king† is the most horrifying aspect of change.Where the â€Å"king’s† mind was once strong and productive, constantly growing, it is now perverted and ruined. The reader can see the house: paint chipped, windows broken, a manifestation of evil. This comparison allows the reader to picture the broken mind of the once great â€Å"king. † The mansion looked impenetrable, invulnerable. But it was nevertheless the victim of evil. The mind was corrupted in the same manner and Poe’s symbolism allows for a more tang ible representation of the process.Poe’s use of symbolism and diction provide a concrete description of the mind’s destruction when compared to the destruction of a great estate. The drastic change in diction from words of elegance and reverence to words of sorrow and despair demonstrate the magnitude of the change occurring in the house and mind. The symbolism allows the reader to more accurately envision the process and effects of the mind’s devastation as it can envision a house falling to pieces. Poe’s techniques allow the reader to solidify an abstraction in order to comprehend it.

Kudler Fine Foods Frequent Shopper Program Essay

Service request kf-013 was submitted to create a requirements document for the proposed Frequent shopper program. The frequent shopper program is a new initiative by Kudler Fine Foods to increase revenue. The program is to track purchases of customers and accumulate points for gift items. This program will track purchase patterns to offer personalized savings to their customer, not only from them but also from their trading partners. There could be ethical, legal, and informational security issues. â€Å"Ethics refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behaviors† (Laudon 2012, P 124). It applies to business behavior as well. An ethical issues that could arise from the frequent shopper program, deals with privacy. What information do individuals consider private? What rights do they have to keep that their information private? What responsibility do companies have to keep customer information pr ivate? These are just a few questions that surround the frequent shopper program from Kudler Fine Foods. Shoppers need to have the option to participate or not to participate in the program. The data collected will be used to â€Å"benefit† the customer but at what risk? The customers information will be sent to partnering companies that the customer knows nothing about. Kudler food has the legal responsibility to ensure that the partnering companies do not misuse their customers information for malicious gains. To meet the ethical concerns that arise with this program Kudler Fine Foods must provide the customer with the facts of the program. They also must provide who are the partnering companies and what information they will receive, or full disclosure of the program. This is the only way the customer can make an informed desicion on the program. There are legal guidelines for privacy laws â€Å"based on a regime called Fair Information Pracitces (FIP)† (Laudon 2012, P 132). There are many federal privacy laws that affect personal data, but most of those laws do not take into consideration the technology we have today. Companies can be held liable for a breech of privacy for its customers, if the company did not take the proper steps to secure their private information. Data security is a big investment for most companies. Everyday companies store transactional data from people. Some data is simple, like name, gender, and address; other data is unique like a social security number or bank account number. If a company is storing sensitive data, encryption will reduce the ability for the data to be stolen. â€Å"Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called, ciphertext,that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people† (University of Minnesota, 2011). Kudler Fine Foods must review their current security and ensure that it is secure enough to maintain the data privacy of its customer. Kudler Fine Foods frequent shopper program can provide their customer many benefits through its partners without storinng to much personal data. They will haven a ethical and legal obligations to their customers about personal data being shared. Security of the data will play a vital role in the sucess of the program, if a breech of the data accures, so does a breech of trust. The frequent shopper program will increase revenues for Kudler Fine Foods with minimal costs and proper informational security. References Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2012). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. University of Minnesota. (2011). Encrypting Stored Data. Retrieved from http://www.oit.umn.edu/security/topics/encrypting-data/index.htm

Lasik opened my eyes

LASIK is the abbreviated term for Laser Assisted in-situ Keratomileusis. This technology is a type of refractive laser eye surgery done by ophthalmologist. LASIK provides cure for astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia. The procedure in conducting LASIK alternates photorefractive keratectomy/PRK since it requires minimal time for the patients recovery and less pain. In 1950, Jose Barraquer developed microkeratome. This was used to cut thin flaps in the cornea and changes its shape (keratomileusis). Barraquer also added in his findings how much of the cornea left unchanged to provide a stable result of the operation. In my personal view, this helped people with occurring malfunctions in their sight. In 1970’s-80’s, Svyatoslav Fyodorov and Theo Seiler developed Radial Keratectomy and Photo Refractive Keratomileus, respectively. The developments in more technical and procedural part of treating differences in the sight helped to cure other malfunctions found in the eye. In 1968, the scientists at the Northrup Corporation Research and Technology Center developed the Excimer laser. This development in eye surgery was the pillar in the advancement to LASIK. Through the developments and advances made by several scientists in the field of ophthalmology, LASIK was developed. In 1990, Buratto and Pallokaris introduced keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Combining the two techniques, ophthalogists find greater precision and less complication in eye surgery. In addition, limitations of excimer lasers were resolved through LASIK (LASIK surgery, 2007). LASIK cure refractive errors, improve vision, and eliminate the used of eye glasses/contact lenses. Blurred vision is not actually a problem since the technology of LASIK is available. Although the operation cost huge amount of money, nothing would price good vision. There are also risks in LASIK. Although the technology guarantees better results and effective eye resolution, complications sometimes come up. Equipment malfunctions, infections and wrong prescription would results to total lost of vision. This rarely happened when the patient apply for a non-licensed surgeon. LASIK as of today are classified into different types of laser ablations including conventional LASIK wavefront-optimized treatments, and wavefront-guided treatments. Conventional LASIK follows an ablation pattern of eye surgery. The surgery is based upon the patient’s glasses prescription. In most patients, this type of operation is effective but surgical errors could cause visual aberrations (Randleman and Payne, 2007). The advancement in modern science offers easier living for most of the people. LASIK provides fast, accurate and painless eye surgery for patients with refractive errors. Most probably in the future, the current procedure of eye surgery would continuously advance. Protocols may be different and will treat other errors in the eye. The laser technology used today may be used in other fields of science. With the help of LASIK eye surgery, I was able to obtain clear vision. Before, I’m having difficulties reading from far distances and I need first to wear my glasses. My glasses were thick and I was ashamed in the public wearing it. Until today, I can now read without my glasses anymore. References Randleman, J. and J. Payne. (2007). LASIK Eye Surgery. LASIK Eye Surgery Index. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.medicinenet.com. (2007). LASIK Surgery. The LASIK Directory. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.the-lasik-directory.com. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Law - Essay Example Apart from monitoring cease-fires,, United Nations is also involved in multilevel peace keeping operations that are usually resolved through political dialogues, and reconciliation. Due to varying global conditions and nature of conflicts, the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the Department of Field Support (DFS) have embarked on an improvement task, that is to set up a Peace Operations 2010, which is targeted at improving and rebinding the various planning, management and conduct of United Nations peacekeeping operations1. The continuum of contemporary peace keeping operations has developed into a progressively wide-ranging activity and comprises both United Nations – led peace operations, as well as those conducted by other actors, generally with the approval of the Security Council. The Charter of the United Nations The UN charter was signed, in San Francisco, on 26 June 1945 and is the groundwork document for all the activities and work under taken by the United Nations. The organization was set up â€Å"save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†. The main purpose behind the establishment of the United Nations is to secure global concord and safety. ... In fulfilling this responsibility, the Security Council may adopt an array of processes, including the formation of a United Nations peacekeeping operation2. Human Rights International human rights law is a vital portion of the normative agenda for United Nations negotiation procedures. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which arrays the keystone of international human rights principles, underlines that human rights and vital freedoms are common and assured to everyone. United Nations peacekeeping procedures must be directed in complete respect of human rights and ought to pursue advance human rights through the execution of their mandates. United Nations peacekeeping employees – whether military, police or citizen – must achieve in arrangement with global human rights rule and comprehend how the implementation of their tasks intersects with human rights. Peacekeeping workers would endeavor to confirm that they do not develop perpetrators of human rights misuses . They need to be capable to identify social rights violations or misuse, and be ready to reply suitably within the confines of their mandate and their proficiency. 3United Nations peacekeeping staffs ought to respect human rights in their relations with associates and with native people, both in their public and in their private lives. Where they commit cruelties, they should be held responsible. International Humanitarian Law International humanitarian law also called as â€Å"the law of war† or â€Å"the law of armed conflict,† limits the methods and approaches of armed encounter. Global humanitarian law is enclosed in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and two Additional Protocols of 1977, as well as in instructions regulating the means

Best Companies to work for Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best Companies to work for - Essay Example uch as ‘Shrek,’ ‘Madagascar’ and ‘Kung Fu Panda,’ including other popular animated films like ‘Shark Tale’ and ‘Chicken Run’ to name a few. DreamWorks Animation SKG did a great job of communicating the work philosophy of the company. They in fact included a comprehensive statement on the website where a link was provided titled careers on the bottom part of the main page. â€Å"We are committed to fostering a culture that embraces innovation, creativity, collaboration, and a solid dose of fun† (DreamWorks Animation SKG, par.1). The company provides a very flamboyant take on attracting potential employees. The website also has a link to a picture gallery of the office grounds which has landscaped gardens, a basketball court, lobby with a huge replica of Po from ‘Kung Fu Panda,’ snapshots of employees happily at work, a lounge equipped with a pool table and outdoor eating area, its total area amounting to six acres. There were also testimonies from employees on what their job entails and how it affects the films the company makes. The company does follow through with a number of perks they offer to employees including free breakfast and lunch, exclusive movie screenings and other complimentary facilities like yoga classes, company parties and art classes to nurture creativity where everyone is encouraged to join, at times even personally by the company’s CEO Jefferey Katzenberg (Fortune, pars.1-2). The company puts emphasis on the diversity of their employees where there is a multitude of nationalities from all over the globe. DreamWorks maintains that they â€Å"are constantly searching for experienced leaders and enthusiastic emerging talent who share a passion for telling stories and making movies to join our ever growing DreamWorks family† (par.3). The company is the kind of employer that allows its employees to explore their creativity and would be an ideal place to work in and a company to work for. I would definitely consider working

Sustainable Events Management of Coachella Valley Music and Arts Essay

Sustainable Events Management of Coachella Valley Music and Arts Annual Festival - Essay Example The vision of this particular event is to bring forth different music genres in same platform. Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival create value through upholding traditional music and organizing live performances from famous artists. It not only takes into consideration value creation for audience but is even inclined towards reducing environmental impact. The main stages which are set up are Coachella Stage, Gobi Tent, Outdoor Theatre, Sahara Tent and Mojave Tent. In 2006 and 2011, a smaller Oasis Dome was introduced and later in 2013 a new Yuma stage was even implemented. The event had initially started with Pearl Jam who performed at the concert and since then many well-known artists like Madonna, Prince, Amy Winehouse, Daft Punk, The Killers, The Strokes, Beastie Boys, Arcade Fire, Beck, etc., had been performing in this event. It is stated as the most profitable and famous event organized in United States. The festival in 2014 had acquired revenue margins of $78.3 million. Triple Bottom Line can be defined as an accounting framework encompassing three major parts like financial, social and environmental. These three factors are also considered to be three P’s such as people, profit and planet. They are even stated as three pillars of sustainability. Triple bottom line concept has been gaining importance in government, for-profit and non-profit sectors. Many firms incorporate triple bottom line framework so as to evaluate their overall performance. The framework has been further highlighted in figure1. The triple bottom line is further development on basic economic model. In which if revenue minus expense is positive then it is profit else loss. There are two more bottom lines added such as social and environmental concerns. Three pillars of sustainability are people, planet and profit. Social environmental and social progress is two components of people aspect. Social progress is closely

European Monetary Union Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Monetary Union - Assignment Example In a sense, inefficient exchange of goods, because of price stability is hence discouraged and efficient economic transactions are thus promoted. With all the obvious constancy in prices, it's not all peaches and roses for an optimum currency area. One drawback is that member nation doesn't have the prerogative to pursue its own independent growth and stabilization policies when faced with economic mishaps that might require particular policy measures. Expansionary fiscal and monetary policies can address uptight circumstances of one nation in its desperate call, but another nation may require what is otherwise. Participating economies do not at all face similar problems more so granted with the same solutions at the same time. In a way, interregional and international differences are issues still too difficult to mitigate since business cycles that reflect upon the economy are diverse. By default, Europe with all the technicalities displays behavior apart from the optimal currency area criteria it requires since Euroland falls short of procedural adjustments that can offset exchange rate fluctuations given differential econo mic situations (Gobetti 1999). Essentially, this partial overview of the system of integration is the "glorified straitjacket" the European Union tried to squeeze into. It was in 1979 that the European Monetary System was announced with an aim for a superior monetary integration among its members. A single currency creation was then the extreme task to accomplish to which the European Currency Unit was a sound backdrop for its initial stage. Several rudimentary conditions and features were formulated by the EMS in order to exercise a better operation and execution of its activities without striking out of the borders of its general framework. In 1989, there was a call for convergence of economic performance. In its transition to a monetary union, the Maastricht Treaty provided conditions to be met if any nation wished to become a member. Budget deficits not over 3% of GDP; government debts not exceeding 60% of GDP and numerous issues on exchange rates gave birth to the SGP or stability and growth pact under which participating countries would operate. This was restructured in a stricter means in the belief that with respect to a smaller than 3% budg et deficit member countries to keep hold, it will be feasible to conduct expansionary fiscal policy during times of recessions (Salvatore 2001). Monetary policies are then out of the question since its initiative is foregone in monetary unions. Penalties will be imposed to nations that will violate the fiscal indicator. The Maastricht Treaty thus paved the way to a true monetary union and the ultimate goal of a single currency was met. The European Monetary Union was established and the euro was born. The adoption of the euro facilitated a more rapid economic and financial integration of member nations as it eliminated the hassles of converting local currencies to foreign denominations and even reduced cost of borrowing in international financial markets. Cross border transactions were

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context Essay

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context - Essay Example This master piece has a unique history as it was a wedding gift from Raphael to his close friend Lorenzo Nasi whose house was completely ruined by an earthquake and this master piece was broken into seventeen pieces. It was refurbished in 2008 by Patrizia Riitano, however, the visibility of the damage is still be seen. The title of the Art selected for the study is â€Å"Madonna of the Goldfinch†. This beautiful picture was painted by one of the great painters and architect, Raffaello Sanzio. This great picture was made by â€Å"Oil on Wood† during 1505-1506. It has a dimension of 107  cm Ãâ€"  77  cm (42  in Ãâ€"  30  in). The selected art was made on â€Å"Florentine Art† which was extremely unique at that time in Europe. This master piece is present in the Galleria Degli Uffizi, Florence. This great painter was born on 6th April 1483 in Urbino Italy. He lost both of his parents at the age of four. It was painted by him at the age of 23.Majority of his work was primarily done in Vatican. If analyzed closely, Rafaello’s work consisted of three different phases i.e. this work in early phase was under the influence of his teacher, the second phase reflects his city work for four years and the final was the par excellence period where he produced his classy work. His work boomed especially when he approached â€Å"The Florentine Art Circles† (Bossy et al., 2001). Raffaello Sanzsio was famous for his elegance and beauty that is why well respected and loved widely from pope to women. The death took him at very early age of thirty seven however his artist work remained alive and divine for the generations to come. The master piece with the natural eye is a treat to watch. It is even more pleasure to see if someone read the history about the painted pitcher; from the eye to describe the picture depicts the personnel namely Mary, Christ, and John Baptist which is a beautiful miniature

Critical Analysis of Turkey's Accession to the European Union Research Paper

Critical Analysis of Turkey's Accession to the European Union - Research Paper Example This essay will involve significant barriers and issues that have stood in the way of Turkey like human rights, law and other reforms they need to undertake. After this, the paper will try to predict the possibilities of EU entry for Turkey. The origins of the European Union can be traced back to the 1951 Treaty of Paris which established the European Coal and Steel Community. This came after the lack of cooperation and the alignment of old enemies in Europe had culminated in the two World Wars. The Second World War saw the utter destruction of the most civilized continent on the planet. The subsequent formation of the United Nations with the view of promoting human rights and global security formed the framework which gave the impetus for cooperation between nations in sub-regions. This paper stresses that the European Union is a supranational organization which is meant to build a common future for its member states through the coordination of policies within these nations. The European Union focuses on International Economic Integration of member states and this is done through free trade, customs unions, common markets and economic unions. The European Union is made up of people with majorities that are linguistically Indo-European and religiously Christians . Only Estonia is the nation that does not have these two features in its majority population. The enlargement of the European Union is done on a case-by-case basis. ... ean Union focuses on International Economic Integration of member states and this is done through free trade, customs unions, common markets and economic unions5. The primary goal or finalite politique of the European Union is to create a Federal Europe committed to welfare, security and prosperity to its member states and citizens6. This implies that the European Union is mainly focused on promoting important changes in the social and economic well being through the sharing of commonalities and the promotion of trade and other activities that promote wealth generation and economic growth. Culturally, the European Union is made up of people with majorities that are linguistically Indo-European and religiously Christians7. Only Estonia is the nation that does not have these two features in its majority population8. Entry to the European Union Although Turkey has strong connections to the European Union in both the historical and geographical sense, it is officially not a member of the European Union. This is because there are some important entry rules that all aspiring nations need to adhere to. Turkey's position on this subject wavers and they have to adjust to meet most of them. Traditionally, the enlargement of the European Union is done on a case-by-case basis9. This is because before a member state joins, members in good standing will need to examine their status and acceptability before granting them the right to accede into the Union. A notable case is that of the United Kingdom which had its application for membership vetoed by Charles de Gaulle's France on several occasions. However, in the case of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), the extension was done through a systematic approach where a group of aspiring member states were given some

History 1492-1860 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History 1492-1860 - Research Paper Example The event is significant in history because it shows that the United States was not always a cohesive country. Surprisingly few changes occured after the massacre took place, and not many people were even punished even in the larger conflict. In fact, there is still some controversy over exactly what went on, and exactly who was involved, to this very day. To really understand what happened during the Mountain Meadows Massacre, it is necessary to get a clear view of what was going on otherwise in Utah at the time it occurred The massacre was not just some random act, but one that was caused by many circumstances. It was set within the period of the Utah War, which was an "armed confrontation over power and authority during 1857–58 between the civil-religious leadership of Utah Territory, led by Governor Brigham Young, and the administration of President James Buchanan."1 This conflict itself had been caused by tensions between Mormon and non-Mormon Americans. Non-Mormons thought that the Mormons were heretics, while Mormons felt they were being unfairly criticized because of their correct religious beliefs. These two circumstances led to "a cultural clash between themselves and their neighbors ... and Mormons attempting to defend themselves or strike back before being overwhelmed in a still larger wave of violence."2 Some other reasons for the conflict include incompetence on the behalf of both President Buchanan and Governor Brigham Young, who was also the supreme leader of the Mormon Church. Buchanan "new shockingly little in 1857 about either conditions in Utah or Brigham Youngs likely reaction to his removal as governor" and also made bad choices about who he put in charge of the situation.3 Young, on the other hand, exaggerated things a lot, and his "hostile, violent rhetoric as governor" very quickly created the sort of environment where Mormon settlers who looked to

English-language learning experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English-language learning experience - Essay Example For instance, beginning at the junior high-level students were required to wear school uniforms that consisted of navy blue slacks and a button-down shirt with an emblem of my school’s name Iwaki Koukou on the front. Other regulations consisted of restricting hair length and how much money you could spend on snacks. I even recall having a teacher confront me because my socks weren’t regulation colors. The school week ran from Monday-Saturday and only included a month off for summer break. The large emphasis on regulation and education, with students attending school nearly year round, and the popularity of after-school lessons, resulted in many of my classmates losing interests in lessons and a notable majority skipping school altogether. The strict guidelines weren’t confined to only student conduct but also permeated the nature of lessons and the ultimate goals for education. Differing from the United States, entrance to Japanese high schools are determined on an acceptable basis and it seemed that many of my courses in middle school were geared towards cramming in as much information as possible so students would pass their entrance examinations. The English-language textbook we used was called New Horizon and it focused on grammar and vocabulary lessons, with different characters from around the world – there was a Canadian and an Australian in the book who would converse with Japanese learners. It contained a different lesson for each of the three years of chugakko.

Problem of Brain Drain Essay Example for Free

Problem of Brain Drain Essay Good Morning maam, and Hello to my friends. let me tell about my topic, its the problem of brain drain. The stupidity by Albert Einstein can be related with my topic. Before starting, my friends, i want to know, how many of you want to go to US, Canada, UK, France, or any other developed country. And how many of you have made up mind to stay there if you could? Thats good you are aware about Human Capital Flight and most of you want to stay here and serve your country. But or, This was a obvious result. i can you tell why? This phenomenon is what called brain drain or human capital flight. Like you,  Every year 250,000 youth are reported to leave the country for various reasons. And of them around fifty per cent of the 1,000 that graduate in medicine in Nepal each year leave to work abroad – permanently. They seek opportunities in its various manifestation — higher living standards, employment, better income, education, a luring western lifestyle, stability and security. Like you said. The list shows everything our country is incapable of providing to the youth. Hence, it is not surprising, if i say, that 556 youth leave the country to go across the seas in a given day. How many of them return to their homeland? The inflow number is almost negligible. This is where the use of word brain drain comes. â€Å"Brain drain† as defined by Britannica is departure of educated or professional people from one country, usually for better pay or living conditions†. Because if it, Nepal is losing a significant proportion of its intellectuals. Also, that the country loses workers and the money it put into training them in college, and the money often put for the health and safety of citizen. Majority has migrated to USA, UK or Australia. Also, the skilled working youth have left for Gulf countries to do labour work. Qualified farmers have been vanished to the third world. Than what to do? Before that, i want to inform you that, developed country who are getting these people are benefited because of brain gain. Why US had land on mars? Here are some reason related to this topic: it has the world’s most intelligent and creative minds collected from every corner. because best universities of the world are there in US due to which people go there for study and quality, and settle there. moreover the universities gives scholarship to attract the sharp and intellectual minds by which we all are easily attracted. Talents play important roles in helping a country develop. Different areas and nations have distinct policies to retain skilled workers due to the different national or regional situation. in African countries, the health systems have been severely affected by brain drain, so various measures have been suggested and tried to limit the migration of health workers to rich countries. In Kuwait, people have argued the country should cultivate a sense of security and hope among the elite to curb brain drain because people are not so confident of their countries future. China tries to create a normal and free atmosphere and mechanism that would help talents flourish. And in India, although suffering severe brain drain every year, the Indian government has not to adopted strict policies because they believe that the overseas talent will eventually contribute to the nation in the future. so lets all of us stay in our own motherland to serve here and make gold from it. i am sure i am staying in Nepal and help develop, grow and prosper my country.

Global population aging trends and issues

Global population aging trends and issues Population aging, as a global issue, has become increasingly important in these few decades. Regarding to this issue, the U.S. State Department and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) has hosted a report named Why Population Aging Matters: A Global Perspective in March 15, 2007. This report covered nine trends related to population aging which present a snapshot of challenges and opportunities showing why population aging matters. In which the first five trends describe the global demographic changes in recent years and the last four trends show the challenges and opportunities that caused by population aging. We appreciate the effort of the authors in raising global awareness. Every report, however, have strengthens and limitations. By arguing with some points mentioned in the report, we try to perfect it by replenishing it with more information. Methodology Aimed at raising public awareness about global aging problems, encouraging more cross-nation scientific research and international studies and stimulating biochemical, economic, behavioral and political dialogues, this report used plenty of statistics to show the impacts of population aging on nations. To show the whole picture of the global issue, the researchers did not conduct interviews and solicit the statistics by themselves; rather, they gathered the existing data from different part of the world. Generally, these data are from the United Nations, US Census Bureau, and the Statistical Office of the European Communities as well as some regional surveys. Summary of the report Trend 1 The overall population is aging According to the research done by United nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the global percentage of young children is decreasing while the percentage of older people increases sharply especially in the coming decades. In around 2017, older people will outnumber young children in estimation. In 2006, almost 500 million people are older people, who share 8% of global population, and it is expected that the number will increase to 1 billion in 2030. Besides, the speed of population aging is higher in developing countries than in developed countries. For example, France, as a developed country, has taken 115years for the proportion of the older people to increase 7%. However, in some developing countries like Singapore, 19 years is enough to reach the same rate. Population aging is a global trend in which the degree of development of the countries affects the rate of it. Trend 2 Life expectancy is increasing Change in Life expectancy reflects a health transition which is characterized by many changes including a shift from high to low fertility, a steady increase in life expectancy at birth and at older ages and a shift from the predominance of infectious and parasitic diseases to the growing impact of non-communicable diseases and chronic conditions. Some scientific research shows that the human survival curve in both women and men shifted upward. The life expectancy at birth has increased from 45years in 1950 to more than 79 years today. It implies that the life expectancy increases in every single age and deaths are highly concentrated at older ages. Trend 3 The number of oldest old is rising People aged 85 or about are defined as the oldest old. Currently, the oldest old constitutes 7% of the worlds 65- and-over population, in which 10 % was in more developed countries and 5% was in less developed countries. On a global level, the 85-and-over population is projected to increase 151% between 2005 and 2030.More than half of the worlds oldest old live in China, the United States, India, Japan, Germany, and Russia. Living from birth to age 100 may have risen from 1 in 20 million to 1 in 50 by 2030 for females in low-mortality nation, say, Japan, in estimation. Trend 4 Non-communicable diseases are becoming a growing burden There is an epidemiological transition that the non-communicable diseases have become the focus in light of global aging. In the past, a large number of people were killed by infectious and parasitic disease. However, non- communicable and chronic diseases are the major cause of death in both developed and developing countries nowadays. Regarding to this trend, there are three elaborations of the situation: 1) Compression of morbidity decrease in disability as life expectancy increases; 2) expansion of morbidity increase in disability as life expectancy increases; and 3) decrease in severe disability but increase in milder chronic disease. With the increase in life expectancy in general and the non-correspondent disability rate in different countries, it requires more studies and research to see which elaboration offers a better explanation of the real situation Trend 5 Aging and population decline Simultaneous population aging and population decline are happening in some countries. Where the global population is aging, more than 20 countries are projected to experience population declines in the upcoming decades. A research done by U.S. Census Bureau shows that Russias population declines the most rapidly (-18 millions) between 2006 and 2030. Following is Japan. The projected population decline in Japan is 11 millions between 2006 and 2030. Trend 6 Changing family structure In trend 6, it is about the world trend of changing family structure. Low fertility rate means older people have less family care and support. Family structure is change from nuclear or extended family change to other types e.g. divorce, remarriage, non marriage, voluntarily childless. Many people are living alone in older age. According to the reading, in some European countries, more than 40 percent of women age 65 and older live alone. And the diagram also show the trend in Japan, the older people living alone have growing faster in 1960-2000. Therefore, the cost of long-term care is a burden to families and society. Trend 7 Shifting patterns of work and retirement People tend to work at older ages. From the figure, we can see the European employment rate at age 55-64 have clear increase during 1994-2005. Beginning in the 1990s, a workforce participation rate for older women has been a steady increase. That means women have ability to accumulate and control economic resources in older age. But the job types of elderly are from full-time job changing to part-time job or transition job. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), life expectancy has increased and the retirement ages have decreased. In 1960, men on average could expect to spend 46 years in the workforce. In 1995, the number of years in the workforce had decreased to 37. Therefore, if we want to increase workforce, we should set up a high retirement age to maintain enough workforce in the market. Trend 8 Evolving Social insurance systems As the situation of population ageing, the increasing pension expenditure. According to our readings 25 EU countries consumed one-eighth of gross domestic product in 2003. Many countries reform their old-age social insurance programs. For example, Japan rose the pension age: mens pension age from 60 to 65, women from 57 to 65. In order to support the economic security, some government Increase tax rate on workers e.g. Twenty-four Europe countries now have payroll tax rates that equal or exceed 20 percent of wages.(P.21) Trend 9 Emerging economic challenges It says that population ageing is affecting on local and global economies. Therefore many countries have some social programs that are target to the older population- principally health care and income support programs. 1) Fully fund program: This describes a superannuation fund whose assets are sufficient to meet all the funds liabilities 2) Pay-as-you-go system: A method of paying income tax in which the employer deducts a portion of an employees monthly salary to remit to the IRS. On the other hand, we should be concern is high level of population aging, labor force tends to decline. That make government need high tax rate to solve the problem of growing older populations. The tax burden may discourage future workforce participation. Overall review Significance of themes Population aging is a global issue that can affect many parts of our society in the sense that it takes parts in the changes and adjustment in the economy, labor force, medical system, residential issues, continued development etc. It is important and meaningful for us, the people, to realize the effects it may bring. Though population aging is a global trend, there are only a few governments had taken actions to plan for the long term and tackle the possible challenges that may soon happen in their societies. Clearly, more research and policies are needed regarding to this problem. Raising global awareness regarding to the population aging issue is significant. Use of data In this report, many statistics are used to illustrate the trends. However, as a report talking about the global situation, we expect the data should provide us with the whole picture of the world. Since the data are not collected for the sake of supporting this report, some data are not general enough to explain the global situation. Say for example, when illustrating the increases in life expectancy in every age, data of white female survival in the US between 1901 2003 is used. Yet, the situation in the US, a developed country, may differ from other developing countries. Race and sexual difference may also lead to different outcome. In-depth review Population aging is driven by declines in fertility and improvement in health and longevity.  [1]   This statement is partially right. It is true that population ageing arises from increased longevity and decreased fertility. An increase in longevity rises the average age of the population by increasing the numbers of surviving older people and a decline in fertility reduces the size of the most recent birth cohorts relative to the previous birth cohorts, hence reducing the size of the youngest age groups relative to that of the older ones. Apart form these, migration, as another demographic effect, also contributes to population aging. Thought immigration usually slows down population aging, for example the women holders of One-way Permit in Hong Kong are likely to be younger and have more children, the other types of migration tend to worsen the situation that the immigration may not make up for the population aging. Obviously, emigration of working-age adults fastens population aging especially in some Caribbean nations. These people migrate for career development or for money, so they tend not to have or have fewer children. There is also immigration of elderly retirees from other countries. Return migration of former emigrants who are above the average population age is common in some region. It is estimated that migration will have a more prominent role in population aging in the future, particularly in low-fertility countries with stable or declining population size. The effects of migration on population aging are usually stronger in smaller populations, because of higher relative weight of migrants in such populations.  [2]   Non-married women are less likely than non married men to have accumulated assets and pension wealth for use in older age.  [3]   We agree with the statement because we find some support from studies. In the table from Health and Retirement Study Wave 1(1992), it shows that the total wealth of non married men is $191,836 and the total wealth of non married women is $157,098. And a finding of the International Longevity Center-USA, it found that unemployment of women who are in the labor force: in 1993 the rate was 24% for women compared with 8% for men.(ILC-USA, 2002) The high rate of economic activity for older men may make low level of old-age pensions. Preparing financially for longer lives and finding ways to reduce aging-related disability should become national and global priorities.  [4]   As suggested in trend 6 to 9, it is true that population aging leads to great challenges and demands for changes and adjustments in policy making. Financial preparation and improvement in reducing aging-related disability are important as the large number of old population will definitely increase the burden of the economy as well as the social insurance system. However, in tackling aging problems, we consider other aspects as the same important as the two mentioned in the report. Firstly, increase fertility is fundamentally important to deal with aging population. As it is rather impossible to shorten people life expectancy and disallow people to migrate due to econ reason, increasing fertility rate seems to be the only feasible way to deal with aging population; in which subsidized child care and childcare leave are possible ways to increase fertility. Subsidized child care enables women to combine work and family. When comparing the levels of womens labor-force participation and family size country by country, Daly, an economist, found that in societies that made it easier for women to combine paid employment with children Sweden, for example the rate of womens employment and the birth rate were both high. Also, High employment rates for women would also help countries with aging populations cope with a shortage of workers  [5]  . Moreover, baby bonus and childcare leave can also boost fertility. Parents in those countries who can get more help from the government will have relatively high fertility rates. Consider the experience in France. Pregnant women has at least 16 weeks of mandatory, paid maternity leave, as well as guaranteed job security and get a monthly stipend of up to 1,000 euros for a year if she has the third child. The fertility rates of those countries which practice these policies for decades are approaching 2.1, roughly the point where a population can sustain itself without immigration  [6]  . Secondary, for the problem of elderly living alone, we think that consolidating the traditional value of Filial piety is rather important. In the table below, we can see most of older people are living with children or grandchildren in Asian country. However, older people who are living with children or grandchildren are three times more compared to Europe and North America. Asian country can have such result because they have strong value of Filial piety. Such as China, they have strong confusion value that adult children may think take care of the older parents is their responsibilities and they do not think living with elderly is burden. Because elderly not only is care receiver but also can be the care giver. Nevertheless, adjustments in policy that favorable to longer working life are also the way out. Population ageing is a burden of government in the sense that it increases the pension expenditure and decreases the supply of labor force. It may lower the economy growth of the country. For that reason, increase the pension age is a good suggestion to tackle the aging problem. Elderly also have their ability to work. We can see the example of Singapore. The Minister for Manpower in Singapore wants to encourage older workers to stay active: 1) to remain at work to pay for a more comfortable retirement 2) to ease financial strains on the government 3) to ease strains of reducing younger workforce. As a result, the retirement age in Singapore increased to 62, . According to preliminary results from Ministry of Manpowers comprehensive mid-year Labor Force Survey, the employment rate for older residents aged 55 to 64 in Singapore is 57.2%, said Gan Kim Yong, Minister for Manpower. Therefore, the employment rate for older men in Singapore has increased from 73.8% to 74.7% in 2008 to 2009. After increase the pension age, the supply of workforce will increase and the pension expenditure of government will decrease. Supplementary information As we know that, as other parts of the world, population aging becomes serious in recent decades in Hong Kong. We provide the below information about Hong Kongs welfare provision towards the elderly as supplement of the report in hope of that more people, including the government, can aware of the aging trend happened in our society and take active roles in planning our future. According to the social welfare department, there is about 60% of elderly who are receiving CSSA. It is a burden of Hong Kong economy. As the World Bank published the report Averting the Old-Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth. Therefore, the government provides some scheme to solve the problem. They are the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA), the Universal Retirement Protection Scheme and the Mandatory Provident Fund Scheme (MPF) respectively. In the following, a slight discussion will be provided in comparing these social insurance schemes. Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) is the layer of social safety net. Nowadays, People seem to more relay on the safety net because we see the increasing tend on application. The value of Hong Kong people had changed, people try to fight for more welfare from the government. And people think that government had the responsibility to care of the elderly. So the government spending on CSSA is higher in these years and she need to concern. Universal Retirement Protection Scheme is a retirement fund that can cover the basic spending of the retirement life. In case of many poor elderly in Hong Kong, Legislative Council urges the Government to set up a sustainable universal retirement protection scheme, so that all senior citizens can enjoy financial security to maintain a basic standard of living immediately after retirement. proposed by Hon Lee Cheuk-yan. But this scheme may be a burden of Hong Kong government. Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes (MPF) is a financial security system to protect the working population in their retirement years. After the implementation of MPF, around 87% of the total employers are now covered under retirement schemes. However, it cannot solve the problem immediately because the scheme is only practice for a few years, the fund may not have enough financial support for the elderly and the cumulative of the fund highly depends on the employees salary and whether the investment program can receive a good return. Therefore it has limitations that may not be able to protect all people after retirement. Conclusion: To conclude, the nine trends suggested in the report are significant in the sense that a global perspective is useful for us to understand the challenges and opportunities brought by population aging. However, we think that both of the method of data collection and the content of the report are to general that may ignore many parts in illustrations. We argue some points mentioned in the report by providing more information regarding to the issue. Moreover, we think the views on population aging held in the report are a bit negative. Actually, older people have ability to contribute to the society by involving in social service. For example, Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) announced that there are more than 135,000 new volunteers in America last year. Last but not least, the report only pointed out the trends without many suggestions and solutions to the problems. It is hope that more international studies can be done to determine the best ways to address the situation before it is too late.

The Role Of Migratory Birds

The Role Of Migratory Birds The role of migratory birds in transmitting poultry diseases is becoming a contentious issue in the whole world. The issue has even made researchers and naturalists to differ in opinion regarding their capability to disperse pathogens across continents. Recent studies that were conducted during the bird flu outbreaks found out that a migratory bird is capable of disseminating the deadly H5N1 avian influenza without themselves getting infected. Research has shown that these birds are responsible for transmission of many diseases, especially viral, in types of animals. This study therefore has the mandate to critically analyze how migratory birds aid in transmission of diseases. The study will also focus on the various types of diseases that are transmitted by these birds. Introduction Birds have been known since time immemorial to be migrating from one region to another. The birds can be local migrants, short distance migrants, long distance migrants and nomadic and vagrant migrants. They do travel across national and international borders. The migration is always due to the instinct for survival. This instinct leads birds to look for seasonal opportunities for food supply and breeding habitats. The findings from the studies conducted on the concept of bird migration reveal that millions of birds migrate annually from unfavorable to favorable conditions (Hubalek, 1994, 2004). Unfavorable conditions are usually in winter while the favorable are in summer. Birds therefore migrate from places where there is winter to places with seasons of winter. This explains why the migration is rampant. The environmental conditions during summer accelerate food accumulation and breeding because of the better climatic conditions. Through biological systems, birds store up energy and fats during this season. The energy and fats stored aid in migration when there are changing survival conditions in the habitat. During this period, winter falls. An interesting observation is that not all birds migrate with the changing conditions. The pattern of migration differs with species and requirements (Berthold Peter, 2001). Some birds do migrate over short distance just to look for food and come back. Others migrate over long distance and may come back or not. The migration of these birds is a natural phenomenon. They have to do that in order to maintain ecological balance and most importantly, to survive. However, the natural phenomenon is always followed by harsh repercussions that are unavoidable. It is saddening to know that these birds are either carriers or hosts for pathogens. As they migrate, these birds transfer micro-organisms across localities, nations and even continents. They therefore play a significant role in the ecology and pathogenic organism circulation. These birds are implicated as hosts and mechanical carriers of infected ecto-parasites. They are also implicated in the transmission of zoonoses. It is not possible to put a stop to this sequence but we can minimize the risks involved. This can be done by controlling and preventing perilous situations. Pathogens transmitted by migratory birds Avian Pneumovirus (APV). This virus belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus. It causes a respiratory disease which is known as turkey rhinotrachetis (TRT). This disease is commonly known as swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens (Gough, 2003Lwamba et al., 2002). This disease kills domestic birds, especially turkey at a very high rate. It has been found out that it only takes a few moments after the attack before the bird dies. When the bird gets a secondary bacterial infection and immunosuppressive viral disease, the severity of APV is accelerated (Lwamba 2002, Jones 2006).The significance of migratory birds in the epidemiology and persistence of APV in domestic flock has been ascertained through isolation process (Shin et al., 2000). When isolation of APV from choanal swab or nasal turbinate of wild birds like geese, sparrows, swallows mallards and starling is done, there is a high persistence of APV occurrence. Bennett (2204) observed a seasonal trend of disease occurrence during APV outbreaks in Minnesota. He suggested the suspected involvement/role of wild migratory birds in APV transmission. When a nucleotide sequencing was done, it was deduced that there was a common source for the APV isolates extracted from wild ducks, domestic turkeys and geese. It was also deduced that the viruses from the different species can cross-infect. This indicated a close relationship (Shin et al., 2002). Duck plague virus (DPV) This is a highly contagious disease of Anseriformes. The duck plague/ viral enteritis causes high mortality and a decline in egg production in chickens and domestic waterfowl (Shawky and Sandhu, 2003). It has also been found to cause viable mortality in wild waterfowl. The disease (DPV) strains have been found to exist from cloacal swabs of pintail ducks, wood ducks and gadwall ducks. It was also found out that wild ducks and geese that survived during the natural outbreaks remained carriers even after four years of post infection. Migratory birds who are carriers have been identified by using virological and serological methods.The role of these birds in the epidemiology and incidence in domestic and wild of duck plague have been estimated (Ziedler and Hlinak). There was clear evidence that the most certain source of infection was DPV- carrier and American black duck. These birds entered through the major flyways (Kidd and Converse, 2001). This conclusion was reached after the major epizootic of duck plague in wild waterfowl in the US way back in 1973. It has also been found out that the convalescent migrants are the silent carriers for DPV control in poultry. Measures to minimize the spread of the disease should include bio-security, decontamination of the environment and eradication of affected flocks (Pearson and Cassidy, 1997; Converse and Kidd, 2001). Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) The EDSV is a vertically transmitted disease in poultry. It causes low egg production with high fragility of eggs. It also leads to substantial decrease in fertility and hatchability of the eggs. This virus (EDS-76) is classified under group III of the Adenoviridae. The disease is usually common in layer chickens. Ducks and geese are thought to be the natural hosts for the virus (McFerran and Adair, 2003). Migratory ducks, egrets, gulls, grebes and wild geese have been found to have been found to have antibodies against this virus (Malkinson and Weisman, 2003; Kaleta et al., 1985). Migratory anseriforms is thought to be disseminating EDSV. The sporadic infections in poultry can be connected to the spread of the disease from wild ducks and geese to domestic flock. The spread can be through sharing of drinking water which has been contaminated with droppings of infected birds. These droppings pollute the water thus making it a source for breeding of the virus (Hubalek, 2004; McFerran a nd Adair, 2003). Psteurella multocida P. multocida is a bacterium that has bipolar staining feature. It is the entiological agent of avian or fowl cholera. The disease is highly significant and economically important and causes mortality which is significant in both domestic and wild birds (Wobeser, 1997; Hubalek, 1994; Dash et al., 2004). Avian cholera spreads rapidly through waterfowls. It is known as a disease with carrier status. The disease is very prevalent among the ducks and turkeys followed by chicken are more susceptible. The disease generally spreads faster among the young ones (Glison et al., 2003). About 70,000 migratory ducks and geese were reported to have succumbed to the infection during the US outbreaks in 1979 (Brand, 1984). The dense bird aggregation due to the nature of waterfowls being gregarious, prompts the outbreaks of AC. The bacteriumà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to survive in water for a long period of up to several weeks is high. These aspects enhance the chances of rapidity and the extent of disease spread (Botzler, 1991; Glisson et al., 2003).Those birds that survive during the outbreaks and thus recover have been reported to be long-term carriers of the infectious agents. These birds later help in dissemination of the agent to various distant wetland locations. Free ranging wild birds have also been infected with the bacterium though the greatest magnitude of losses is experienced by the death of waterfowls (Hunter and Wobeser, 1997; Glisson et al., 2003). Chlamydophila psittaci The disease (chlamydiosis) is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called C. psittaci. It is a contagious disease of pet birds and poultry having zoonotic implications. It is also considered as a List B disease in parrots, parakeets and humans (A ndersen and Vanrompay, 2000). Chlamydiosis affects all types of poultry and is usually systematic though occasionally fatal. The disease is often transmitted by inhalation or even ingestion of infectious fecal dust. Birds like wild ducks, egrets, sparrows, grackles, gulls other bird species have a significant reservoir of the bacteria that can spread the disease. This can be through direct contact or infectious aerosols to a variety of vertebrates including human beings and poultry (Grimes et al., 1979; Page, 1976; Kaleta and Taday, 2003; Brand, 1989; Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). Research has shown that some chlamydial strains which are not pathogenic to migratory avian hosts are highly virulent for humans and domestic fowls. Suggestions have been made that grackles and thus migratory birds are potential reservoir hosts which can play an important role in the transmission of cycle of the bacterium C. psittaci in nature (Roberts and Grimes, 1978). The mechanisms by which the bacteria is introduced in domestic flock is clearly not understood. This is mysterious because wild birds are also infected by the same strains as domestic flock (Andersen and Vanrompay, 2000). This calls for an enhancement in the surveillance and screening in order to find the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of infection in domestic birds (Schwarzova et al., 2006). Other pathogens caused by migratory birds Wild or migratory birds also aid in the transmission of other types of pathogens in animals as well as human beings. There are various animal diseases that are a resultant of the interaction between them and the migratory birds. In the ecological system, living things always interact in order to create a balance. During this time, birds that are infected or carriers of bacteria get to interact with other living things. In the process, they make the environment contaminated and thus high risk of these animals contracting diseases. For example, birds and other animals may share drinking water. If these birds are infected, they pass on the virus into the water thus making it contaminated. As the animal drink the water, they ingest bacteria and thus contract diseases. Human beings may use these animals as food. Being that the flesh is contaminated, they automatically get the bacteria or virus into their systems. Through this channel, both the animals and human beings contract diseases. T he main source of the infection is the bird. There are a number of infections that are transmitted by birds to other animals. Among them include West Nile Fever (WNF). This is a Flavivirus belonging to family flaviviridae. It is a mosquito-borne virus which can result in fatal encephalitis in human beings. The effect can also be on equines and avian species (Hubalek and Halouzka, 1999; Komar, 2000; Rappole and Hubalek, 2000). This disease is maintained in a cycle of epizoonic transmission between mosquitoes and birds. Human and horses are the incidental hosts in this case. The migratory birds are central to the epidemiology of WNV infections. This is because they are considered as the main amplifying hosts in the transmission process (Reed et al., 2003). Migratory birds also play a crucial role in the dissemination of zoonotic and enteropathogenic bacteria that cause other infections in animals. For example, wild birds aid in the spread of Campylobacter and Salmonella. The incidence of infections in human beings by Campylobacter jejuni is on a continuous rise. The disease proves to be fatal at some acute stages and thus has led to the deaths of many. From research, it has been proved that the main transmitters of the bacteria are wild birds. The disease is usually rampant in places characterized with high humidity and high temperatures. Research is still on to establish whether there are other transmitters apart from wild birds (Sacks et al,. 1986; Tomar et al., 2006). The contamination of the surface water with the bacteria is largely attributed to aquatic and wild birds. Likewise, in the case of Salmonella infections, remnants of S. enteric (Typhimurium and Enteritidis) have been isolated from many species of birds. These birds include gulls, ducks, terns, finches and sparrows. Research has confirmed that migratory birds are involved in the dissemination of these bacteria.

Power and the Legal System Essay -- Law

Access to the law and legal system is the ability to shape it, both in its meaning and understanding. While the factors that usually determine the power to shape law are not static, in general, access to law has been held by specific groups of people: the wealthy, males, whites, and religious authorities. In constructing the law, these specific groups have traditionally used their power to reinforce their dominant position and impede the ability of powerless groups to further their interests. It is this position of advantage that allows the prevailing groups to maintain a system of inequality fortified by the law that protects their prosperity while forcing the disadvantaged to appeal to problematic methods to promote their well-being as a result of their lack of access. In his speech, â€Å"Address to the Prisoners in Cook County Jail,† Clarence Darrow defines law as a creation of the rich, who, because of their wealth, own and control most of the property and institutions of society (Darrow 229). The access that comes with their wealth then grants them the power to construct the law in a way that sustains their elite position. For Darrow, as a consequence of this system of power, the unprivileged individuals are forced to seek out other, often criminal means of living in order to survive. He explains this by stating, â€Å"The more that is taken from the poor by the rich, who have the chance to take it, the more poor people there are who are compelled to resort to these means for a livelihood† (227). By wielding their power, the rich have been able to consistently thwart the ability of the poor to access legitimate opportunities, often leading them to participate in activities such as robbery and burglary in order to ob... ... for the structure of inequality to be destroyed, access to the law and the ability to shape it must be given to all. Works Cited MLA Citation Darrow, Clarence. â€Å"Address to the Prisoners in the Cook County Jail.† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 225-232. Galanter, Marc. â€Å"Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change.† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 81-89. Kropoktin, Peter. â€Å"Law and Authority.† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 158-167. MacKinnon, Katherine. â€Å"A Rally Against Rape.† White Plaza, Stanford University. 16 Nov. 1981.

Legislation is NOT the Best Way to Ban Smoking :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Legislation is NOT the Best Way to Ban Smoking A market represents the private forces of demand and supply. Consumers aim to consume goods and services with lower prices and greater quantities while producers want to maximize their profits. A market diagram uses demand and supply curves to show the relationship between market demand and supply. These demand and supply curves are labeled as â€Å"private demand† and â€Å"private supply†, that is, the private benefits and the private costs. But those private activities always affect others, both positively and negatively. Those positive and negative effects are not represented in the market model; they are external to the market, known as externalities[1]. There are two kinds of externalities: positive externalities and negative externalities. In the extract, cigarettes are negative externality, which means they have bad effects on others and those effects are not paid by the producers. For example, when people smoke, especially in public places, e.g. restaurants and department stores, they pollute the air rounded and threaten others’ health. No one pays for the bad feelings caused by smokers and cigarettes. In this way, â€Å"market failure† exists. If the external costs could be measured and valued a new supply curve could be drown to present this. In this figure, the social costs have been added to the private costs to produce a new supply curve. The private supply curve shifts to left. When the supply curve shifts from Smpc to Smsc, the market prices increase from pp to ps and the quantity traded is reduced from qp to qs. Cigarettes are demerit goods which cause negative externalities. Because of their characters, producers get huge profits from them. So they are overprovided in the market, just like alcohol. The consumption of cigarettes always has negative effects on other people. It causes cancer, and may cut down human life-span. In order to internalize the negative externalities, government should interfere in the market. There are several ways to do that. One method government may employ is negative advertising to reduce private demand for demerit goods. People will consider the bad effects caused by demerit goods before purchasing or reduce the consumption on such goods that means private demand curve will shift to right. On the other hand, the supply curve shifts to left because of the costs of bad effects added to the factor costs of the products. The transaction of that goods decreases. After government applying negative advertising to public, the total transaction will decrease again because demand decreases. According to the diagram above, the quantity transferred in the market drops from qp to qs first, and then, to qt. This method is very common nowadays, especially for Legislation is NOT the Best Way to Ban Smoking :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays Legislation is NOT the Best Way to Ban Smoking A market represents the private forces of demand and supply. Consumers aim to consume goods and services with lower prices and greater quantities while producers want to maximize their profits. A market diagram uses demand and supply curves to show the relationship between market demand and supply. These demand and supply curves are labeled as â€Å"private demand† and â€Å"private supply†, that is, the private benefits and the private costs. But those private activities always affect others, both positively and negatively. Those positive and negative effects are not represented in the market model; they are external to the market, known as externalities[1]. There are two kinds of externalities: positive externalities and negative externalities. In the extract, cigarettes are negative externality, which means they have bad effects on others and those effects are not paid by the producers. For example, when people smoke, especially in public places, e.g. restaurants and department stores, they pollute the air rounded and threaten others’ health. No one pays for the bad feelings caused by smokers and cigarettes. In this way, â€Å"market failure† exists. If the external costs could be measured and valued a new supply curve could be drown to present this. In this figure, the social costs have been added to the private costs to produce a new supply curve. The private supply curve shifts to left. When the supply curve shifts from Smpc to Smsc, the market prices increase from pp to ps and the quantity traded is reduced from qp to qs. Cigarettes are demerit goods which cause negative externalities. Because of their characters, producers get huge profits from them. So they are overprovided in the market, just like alcohol. The consumption of cigarettes always has negative effects on other people. It causes cancer, and may cut down human life-span. In order to internalize the negative externalities, government should interfere in the market. There are several ways to do that. One method government may employ is negative advertising to reduce private demand for demerit goods. People will consider the bad effects caused by demerit goods before purchasing or reduce the consumption on such goods that means private demand curve will shift to right. On the other hand, the supply curve shifts to left because of the costs of bad effects added to the factor costs of the products. The transaction of that goods decreases. After government applying negative advertising to public, the total transaction will decrease again because demand decreases. According to the diagram above, the quantity transferred in the market drops from qp to qs first, and then, to qt. This method is very common nowadays, especially for

Overcoming Obstacles

Overcoming Obstacles What is life? Life consists of experiences, challenges, and achievements; all of which are building blocks that essentially create ones path to success. In one’s lifetime they can experience tough and difficult challenges. Sometimes these challenges become unbearable, especially when the odds are against you. However, going against all odds is something everyone is capable of doing, and to overcome these challenges everyone needs to have a â€Å"never quit† attitude in life. If we develop it, we'll overcome quite a bit.Many people all around the world face challenges and obstacles every day in their daily lives. One man in particular is Nic Sheff; a man who was a drug addict and wrote an autobiography called â€Å"Tweak†. In this book, Nic describes himself as a drug addict who spends all his money on drugs instead of food and bills. The main person that had a bad influence in his life was an older woman named Zelda. Nic liked being with her because he saved her from her ex-husband. However, at the end of the book, Nic’s parents made a decision for him to go back into rehab in Arizona.Nic always said that he has done a twelve step programs and went into rehab so many times that nothing changed. But at the last program, it was different, Nic turned into whole different person, finally loving him and life. Also, in the book Nic explains how he faces different obstacles and has an extremely difficult time staying sober. But in the end, because he didn’t give up it did pay off in his future. He became a more successful person and a writer who now shares his experiences of his childhood to prevent other teens into getting into the kind of lifestyle he did.Nick isn’t the only one who faces these kinds of problems and challenges. About 570,000 people die annually due to drug abuse. Illegal use of drugs is most common among young adults who are ages 18 to 25 years old and that can change who they are as the y grow up, financially and mentally. After a person takes drugs and are addicted to it there are certain thoughts and views that society has of them. Society doesn’t usually think of drug addicts as â€Å"good people† and they end up losing their respect and reputation as they grow up.If these teens and young adults don’t change who they are when they are young, they won’t be able to fix themselves as they grow older which can be a bad influence. Bad habits start as a kid and if you don’t change those habits you won’t be able to when you get older! Many people face challenges and obstacles at a very young age and that can change who they are as they grow up. My grandma faced a very harsh and unfortunate childhood. Her father died when she was 17 and that changed her life and her future. It meant she was given many responsibilities since she was the eldest out of her siblings.She had to do many house chores such as cooking, washing the clothe s and dishes and waking up early in the morning to get water from a nearby well every day! This placed a very large obstacle in her life at a very young age. She had to leave school at a very young age because of all the responsibilities she was given and had to overcome these obstacles and face them with great integrity. But due to these obstacles that she has overcome, it has changed who she is now. She struggled in life right from when she was just a little kid. But if she hadn’t overcome these obstacles she wouldn’t have been a very independent woman like she is today.If her father hadn’t died when she was young, she probably would have had a completely different future and lifestyle, not worrying about anything and going to school and having a better education. Lastly she overcame these obstacles and that changed her attitude and her character. All the experiences of my childhood have shaped me into the person I am today. I wouldn't have been the same kind of person I am today if it wasn't for all the challenges and obstacles I faced and overcame. Fortunately for me I didn’t have wake up every day concerned about what I'm going to eat and make money and survive another day.Some unfortunate people struggle in their daily lives just to just to survive! Those people definitely would have different characteristics than me because I don’t have to work right now, instead just focus on my education, go to school and depend on my parents for getting my things I need and providing the basic survival needs and fulfilling my wants. I face challenges in my life too. An example is waking up early in the morning to get ready for school, even though it’s a very minor thing, it can sure have a huge impact. It impacts my life because then I wouldn’t be ready for school on time and I would be late for class very day and miss the beginning on class which slowly can add up and bite me on a test or assignment. We all face many different challenges and obstacles and we have to overcome them in order to make ourselves a better person. Even if it’s very easy to overcome, you must be determined to succeed. As a little kid I always did my homework. As soon as I got home I would finish my homework before doing anything but after a few years, that wasn’t the case anymore. I would usually procrastinate and leave my homework till the last day and I usually wouldn’t do a good job.As my report cards arrived I got an â€Å"S† in the homework section meaning satisfactory. My parents were furious because they trusted me and believed I would finish my homework but then found out I was actually wasn’t and not doing a very good job on it. For the next few years it impacted my life because my parents would check my agenda every day and sign off to indicate to my teacher that parents saw my homework and checked that I actually did it. This was an obstacle in my life because I would have to finish my homework and then I was allowed to watch T. V or go out.I didn’t like this at all but in order to overcome this obstacle and gain my parents trust back, I would have to do my homework. So after that day I always did my homework and eventually got an â€Å"E† in the homework section indicating excellent and gaining back my parents trust. If I had given up, I would have this obstacle hurting me like a needle for a few more years and my parents would constantly be watching me and making sure I was doing my work and I was on task, which isn’t a good thing. Also I wouldn’t be able to change as I grow older because if you don’t get rid of bad habits they can last forever.In conclusion, it is very important to overcome obstacles because if you don’t, it could have a negative impact on who you are. Life is like a rollercoaster, you will never know what challenges and obstacles you will face in life but you have to hold and make sure you o vercome these obstacles without giving up! Live has its ups and downs, but hold your head high and face those obstacles and overcome them with great determination. There are many trials ahead, be a person who had indwelling desire to succeed, and believe failure was not and never could be an option. Overcoming Obstacles Overcoming Obstacles What is life? Life consists of experiences, challenges, and achievements; all of which are building blocks that essentially create ones path to success. In one’s lifetime they can experience tough and difficult challenges. Sometimes these challenges become unbearable, especially when the odds are against you. However, going against all odds is something everyone is capable of doing, and to overcome these challenges everyone needs to have a â€Å"never quit† attitude in life. If we develop it, we'll overcome quite a bit.Many people all around the world face challenges and obstacles every day in their daily lives. One man in particular is Nic Sheff; a man who was a drug addict and wrote an autobiography called â€Å"Tweak†. In this book, Nic describes himself as a drug addict who spends all his money on drugs instead of food and bills. The main person that had a bad influence in his life was an older woman named Zelda. Nic liked being with her because he saved her from her ex-husband. However, at the end of the book, Nic’s parents made a decision for him to go back into rehab in Arizona.Nic always said that he has done a twelve step programs and went into rehab so many times that nothing changed. But at the last program, it was different, Nic turned into whole different person, finally loving him and life. Also, in the book Nic explains how he faces different obstacles and has an extremely difficult time staying sober. But in the end, because he didn’t give up it did pay off in his future. He became a more successful person and a writer who now shares his experiences of his childhood to prevent other teens into getting into the kind of lifestyle he did.Nick isn’t the only one who faces these kinds of problems and challenges. About 570,000 people die annually due to drug abuse. Illegal use of drugs is most common among young adults who are ages 18 to 25 years old and that can change who they are as the y grow up, financially and mentally. After a person takes drugs and are addicted to it there are certain thoughts and views that society has of them. Society doesn’t usually think of drug addicts as â€Å"good people† and they end up losing their respect and reputation as they grow up.If these teens and young adults don’t change who they are when they are young, they won’t be able to fix themselves as they grow older which can be a bad influence. Bad habits start as a kid and if you don’t change those habits you won’t be able to when you get older! Many people face challenges and obstacles at a very young age and that can change who they are as they grow up. My grandma faced a very harsh and unfortunate childhood. Her father died when she was 17 and that changed her life and her future. It meant she was given many responsibilities since she was the eldest out of her siblings.She had to do many house chores such as cooking, washing the clothe s and dishes and waking up early in the morning to get water from a nearby well every day! This placed a very large obstacle in her life at a very young age. She had to leave school at a very young age because of all the responsibilities she was given and had to overcome these obstacles and face them with great integrity. But due to these obstacles that she has overcome, it has changed who she is now. She struggled in life right from when she was just a little kid. But if she hadn’t overcome these obstacles she wouldn’t have been a very independent woman like she is today.If her father hadn’t died when she was young, she probably would have had a completely different future and lifestyle, not worrying about anything and going to school and having a better education. Lastly she overcame these obstacles and that changed her attitude and her character. All the experiences of my childhood have shaped me into the person I am today. I wouldn't have been the same kind of person I am today if it wasn't for all the challenges and obstacles I faced and overcame. Fortunately for me I didn’t have wake up every day concerned about what I'm going to eat and make money and survive another day.Some unfortunate people struggle in their daily lives just to just to survive! Those people definitely would have different characteristics than me because I don’t have to work right now, instead just focus on my education, go to school and depend on my parents for getting my things I need and providing the basic survival needs and fulfilling my wants. I face challenges in my life too. An example is waking up early in the morning to get ready for school, even though it’s a very minor thing, it can sure have a huge impact. It impacts my life because then I wouldn’t be ready for school on time and I would be late for class very day and miss the beginning on class which slowly can add up and bite me on a test or assignment. We all face many different challenges and obstacles and we have to overcome them in order to make ourselves a better person. Even if it’s very easy to overcome, you must be determined to succeed. As a little kid I always did my homework. As soon as I got home I would finish my homework before doing anything but after a few years, that wasn’t the case anymore. I would usually procrastinate and leave my homework till the last day and I usually wouldn’t do a good job.As my report cards arrived I got an â€Å"S† in the homework section meaning satisfactory. My parents were furious because they trusted me and believed I would finish my homework but then found out I was actually wasn’t and not doing a very good job on it. For the next few years it impacted my life because my parents would check my agenda every day and sign off to indicate to my teacher that parents saw my homework and checked that I actually did it. This was an obstacle in my life because I would have to finish my homework and then I was allowed to watch T. V or go out.I didn’t like this at all but in order to overcome this obstacle and gain my parents trust back, I would have to do my homework. So after that day I always did my homework and eventually got an â€Å"E† in the homework section indicating excellent and gaining back my parents trust. If I had given up, I would have this obstacle hurting me like a needle for a few more years and my parents would constantly be watching me and making sure I was doing my work and I was on task, which isn’t a good thing. Also I wouldn’t be able to change as I grow older because if you don’t get rid of bad habits they can last forever.In conclusion, it is very important to overcome obstacles because if you don’t, it could have a negative impact on who you are. Life is like a rollercoaster, you will never know what challenges and obstacles you will face in life but you have to hold and make sure you o vercome these obstacles without giving up! Live has its ups and downs, but hold your head high and face those obstacles and overcome them with great determination. There are many trials ahead, be a person who had indwelling desire to succeed, and believe failure was not and never could be an option.

Case 20 : Aurora Textile Company

Case 20 morning cloth troupe GROUP QUESTIONS acquirement Objectives 1. The basics of additive- bullion-flow outline identifying the silver flows pertinent to a capital- enthronement determination 2. The construction of a side-by-side discounted- bills-flow analysis for a tackment decision 3. How to adapt the NPV decision rule to a troubled exertion 4. The recognition that a reduced garmentment horizon is a signifi dismisst consequence of pecuniary tribulation 5. The importance of sensitivity analysis to a capital-investment decision Case Questions 1. How has sunrise cloth performed over the past quartette long sequence?Be prep atomic number 18d to provide financial ratios that present a clear portraying of Auroras financial condition. From 1999 by dint of 2002, the financial performance of Aurora was unpresentable and disheartening. This could be attributed to the business risks that arose from the intense contest that characterizes the industry in which Aurora operates. vanish an industry benchmark or comparable to(predicate) with which to gauge the performance of Aurora, we utilized a trend analysis of the period 1999 d adept 2002. With 1999 as a reference point, we start out that all mea reals of utilityability have worsened.On a cumulative annual basis, net gross gross revenue have been declining by 15%, date profit margins and ROA were always in the oppose (see let on 1). sequence raw corporal personify as a section of net sales have been declining, the live of conversion is escalating and poignant the bottom-line (see exhibit 1). It is patent that Aurora demand to manage its expenses to begin profits from sales. While on the surface, the fluidness measures have improved (see exhibit 1), it is enigmatic that the gild has the ability to meet its flow obligations with just silver and cash equivalents on hand.This is partially callable to the concomitant that numerous of the firms current assets are predominan tly account receivables and inventories. While it is unbent that the firm, its competitors, and the industry are continuing to regress money, an effective personify-control outline i. e. a strategy that improves profit margins, reduces operating costs, and fittingly manages stock list and account receivables go away be of the essence(p) for Aurora to remain sustainable. 2. List the factors affecting the fabric industry. What do you think is the put up of the industry in the United States?How should you control the state of the textile industry into your analysis? Why should anyone invest money in the industry? 3. What are the relevant cash flows for the Zinser investment? Using a 10% WACC and assuming a 36% tax income rate, what do you get as the NPV for the regard? What are the look on drivers in your analysis? What do you estimate as the cost per pound for customer returns under the Zinser choice? (Hint for a replacement decision, analysts often find it helpful to pr epare two sets of cash flows and two NPVsone for the spot quo and one for the invigorated railway car. Status Quo In the outset line of products of study of the discombobulate, we compute net sales assuming the current 500,000 pounds per week occupation level at a $1. 0235 change price per pound (52-week course of study). After the premiere 3 year, we assume sales give grow by 2% in volume and 1% in price. material and conversion costs lead non change, but exit increase at a pace of 1%. SG&A costs are equal to 7% of net sales so testament adjust accordingly. Change in lineage is cash spent so it should be considered when calculating cash flows.In our analysis we calculated inventory by dividing COGS by the deem of days in a year and then multiplying by the number of days of inventory held, 30 days in the condition quo scenario. The current equipment give be depreciated using the straight-line method with zero remedy value. The current bind value of the rail car is $800,000 and the depreciation expense is $200,000 for the next four-spot years. Using these assumptions, keeping all else regular, in a 10-year horizon the NPV of the hunter lay down is to the highest degree $8. 1 million (see exhibit 2). New Project Invest in Zinser Machine Aurora Textile fellowship also has the option of place in a new Zinser machine for the huntsman Plant. The main difference between investing in the Zinser machine and maintaining the status quo is an sign investment of $8. 25 million and the know of $608,000 in after-tax sales proceeds from sell the existing machine. Additionally, there is an initial $50,000 ($32,000 after-tax) cost for training employees, but this cost is sole(prenominal) incurred once (see exhibit 3).In their first year using the Zinser machine there exit be a 5% slack in sales volume, but selling price will increase 10%. Material costs per pound will be the same as the status quo, but conversion costs will decrease to $ 0. 4077 per pound per year due to lower power, maintenance and return costs. eld of inventory held will also contrive to around 20 days. All opposite assumptions are the same as the status quo. In this scenario, the NPV of the Hunter Plant is almost $15. 87million if Aurora invests in the new Zisner machine (see exhibit 3). Incremental Cash Flows The utmost Effect of the New ProjectWhen looking at the incremental cash flows for the new exteriorise, substitute the old machine with the Zinser machine is a good investment. The NPV of the investment is $6. 33 million and the IRR is 28%, a lot higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the 10% hurdle rate (see exhibit 4). While all the assumptions made could affect the NPV of the project, the major(ip) concern that could erode the value of the project is whether Aurora can survive for 10 years. In our early termination analysis (see exhibit 5), if we ignore the salvage value the time horizon breakeven point of incremental NPV is betwe en 4 and 5 years, about 4. years. However, even if Aurora shuts down, the earlier they terminate, the higher the salvage value of the Zinser machine will be. Therefore, the time period to breakeven might be less than 4 years. If the Zinser machine can be sold for its 50% book value at early termination, it provided needs 2 years for the project to add value to the Aurora Textile caller-out. 4. How sensitive is the economic life of the Zinser investment to its value to investors? In other words, if the lodge survives the entire 10 years, what is the NPV of the project?What if the company can survive only four years, what is the NPV of the project? For our sensitivity analysis, the main things we centre on were return levels and price. Here is a chart representing the IRRs for certain production levels and prices. Our production level estimates were ground on the fact that we dont know how the marketplace will react with increased unconnected competition. The textile harvest- time rate we utilize for our most likely model is the house servant rate of increase, not the world growth rate.We dont know if permit foreign competitors into the market would significantly faulting the industry out of America or if it will keep a constant growth (at 2%). Our price estimates were based on the new WTO mandate that is dismissal into effect in 2005. With the tariffs and quotas on the textile industry being lifted, there will be a significant growth in the amount of textile goods trade into America. Even though the cost may be high to transport these goods into the states 5. What would be your recommendation to the Board of Directors?Specifically would it be better to invest in the Zinser or to pay a dividend to the shareholders. Be sure to explain the primary reasons that justify your recommended course of action. The U. S. textile industry is going through with(predicate) a tumultuous time, and most companies are experiencing losses. Therefore, it would seem like an odd time to invest more money into the company. However, as the industry evolves Aurora Textile Company needs to innovate to stay competitive. The industry is moving toward demand for a higher quality product, and Aurora cannot afford to come across behind.The Zinser machine will help Aurora meet this demand. If the project were accepted, the Zinser machine would replace the current machine in the Hunter Plant. Because the other three Aurora plants would not be affected by this decision, we compared the cash flows of only the Hunter plant with the new machine and without. The NPV of the Hunter Plant is about $15. 86 million if Aurora invests in the Zisner machine, and only $8. 91 million without the investment. In addition, when looking at the incremental cash flows of the investment, the NPV is $6. 6 million and the IRR is 28%, much higher than the 10% hurdle rate. victorious all of this into consideration Aurora should invest in the project. In addition to pass judgment this project, falling spot prices for cotton could be beneficial to Aurora Textile Company in the future. However, the company also needs to implement other strategies to improve their profit margins, including reducing operating costs and appropriately managing inventory and account receivables. These changes will help Aurora move in the mighty direction to ensure that they are not forced to shut down operations in the foreseeable future